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Islamist extremism is often explained by the suffering endured by Muslims in Islamic countries as a result of Western-led wars. However, many terrorist attacks have been carried out by European Muslims with no personal experiences of war. Across two studies among Danish Muslims, we tested if what we call \"victimization-by-proxy processes\" motivate behavioral intentions to commit acts of violence. We used Muslim identification, perceived injustice of Western foreign policies, and group-based anger to predict violent and nonviolent behavioral intentions. More importantly, we compared path models of Danish Muslims from conflict zones with those without direct personal experience of Western-led occupation. We found similar effects among the participants in each category, that is, vicarious psychological responses mimicked those of personally experienced adversity. In fact, participants born in Western Europe were, on average, more strongly identified with Muslims, more likely to perceive Western foreign policy as more unjust, reported greater group-based anger, and were more inclined to help Muslims both by nonviolent and violent means.

Munchausen by proxy refers to an individual who abusively and compulsively falsifies physical, psychiatric or developmental disorders in a child or adult victim in order to satisfy a psychological need. Factitious disorder imposed on another refers to the psychopathology in the abuser. Psychologists in medical settings may: (1) identify patients they come to suspect as being victims or perpetrators of MBP, (2) conduct or assist in clinical or forensic evaluations; (3) offer recommendations for clinical case management, and/or (4) provide treatment or referrals. The purpose of this paper is to provide guidance to psychologists and other mental health professionals in medical settings who may encounter individuals with this potentially lethal form of psychopathology.

Contextualized by contestation and deconstruction of monoracialism, this article provides an assessment of how law, as a distinct tool and technology, conceptualizes and operationalizes race and ethnicity. The focus of the comparative project, by bringing examples from various countries and jurisdictions, is specifically on the morphology and dynamics of legal categorization. A separate discussion concentrates on conceptualizing groupness and membership, with distinguished attention on self-identification and “objective” criteria. The paper shows that although identity politics has dominated the past decades, ethno-racial self-identification is not the only operationalizing model legal regimes apply, especially with the recent boost in artificial intelligence, and bio-genetic research. Examples for the “re-biologization” of ethno-racial conceptualization are brought from a wide range of legal regimes, including citizenship, anti-discrimination, asylum, and indigenous law.

We employ a density discontinuity design to evaluate the deterrence effect of more severe punishments around the legal age of criminal responsibility in Brazil. Motivated by the criminology literature, we propose a novel proxy based on the inherent risk underlying criminal activities. Using violent death rates as a proxy for an individual’s involvement in violent crime, we find no discernible deterrence effects. We additionally study arrest data from the country’s third most populous state, Rio de Janeiro, and discuss the advantages of our proxy in light of potential underreporting biases from using criminal records.

Replacement respondents who move into NCVS households after the initial bounding interview can introduce measurement error since their reports of victimization may be influenced by their mobility (actual experiences) and by their unbounded interview status (response error). Which of these factors affects reporting is unknown and is the focus of this research. The availability of incoming respondent data from the NCVS School Crime Supplement and mobility status from the NCVS provides a unique opportunity to study these effects separately. Both bounding and mobility were found to influence reporting; however, this influence was not consistent. Unlike findings from past research, bounding only had significant effects on reports of property victimization. Conversely, moving only significantly affected reports of violent victimization. As this study is the first to disentangle the effect of unbounded interview status from mobility on reports of victimization, the findings emphasize the need for further research to better understand these issues.

Local elites in developing African countries, the so-called Traditional Authorities, still hold considerable power over rural communities, namely they are likely to have a decisive influence on their voting behavior. This study measures this influence using data collected through a field experiment for Aker, Collier and Vicente (2011) during the Mozambican elections of 2009 in 161 locations. The results obtained point to a positive correlation between a set of indicators of the power of Traditional Authorities and both voter turnout and the vote for Frelimo, the incumbent.

A federal judge has disapproved the proposed consent settlement of an SEC enforcement action against Bank of America upon finding that the settlement was neither fair, nor reasonable, nor adequate. It was not fair because it did not comport with the most elemental notions of justice and morality in that it proposed that the shareholders who were the victims of the bank's alleged misconduct would pay the penalty for that misconduct. It was inadequate because the injunctive relief was pointless and $33 million was a trivial penalty for a false statement that materially infected a multibillion-dollar merger. Finally, the court emphasized that a proposal asking the victims to pay a fine for having been victimized is unreasonable. The SEC charged the bank with making materially false statements in a joint proxy statement that it filed with Merrill Lynch & Co, Inc., in connection with the bank's $50 billion acquisition of Merrill Lynch. Among other things, the SEC said that the bank falsely represented to both its own shareholders and to the Merrill Lynch shareholders that Merrill had agreed not to pay year-end bonuses to the firm's executives when, in fact, the bank had agreed that Merrill could pay such bonuses up to as much as $5.8 billion, or 12 percent of the consideration paid in the acquisition. The hypothesis that a corporate penalty sends a strong signal to shareholders that unsatisfactory corporate conduct has occurred and allows them to better assess the quality and performance of management made no sense in this instance, said the court. The shareholders were allegedly victimized by false statements and losing another $33 million would not allow them to better assess the quality and performance of management. The court concluded that a careful reading of the parties' submissions leaves the distinct impression that the proposed consent judgment was a contrivance designed to provide the SEC with the facade of enforcement and the management of the bank with a quick resolution of an embarrassing inquiry; all at the expense of the sole alleged victims, the shareholders. The SEC unanimously approved six initiatives aimed at strengthening the regulatory framework for nationally recognized statistical rating organizations. The SEC adopted rules to require NRSROs to provide more information about their rating histories and to allow competing credit rating agencies to offer unsolicited ratings for structured finance products by giving them access to the same data. The SEC also adopted amendments to certain rules and forms to remove a number of references to credit ratings.