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Armed conflicts continue to wreak havoc on children and families around the world with profound effects. In 2017, 420 million children—nearly one in five—were living in conflict-affected areas, an increase in 30 million from the previous year. The recent surge in war-induced migration, referred to as a \"global refugee crisis\" has made migration a highly politicized issue, with refugee populations and host countries facing unique challenges. We know from research related to asylum seeking families that it is vital to think about children and families in relation to what it means to stay together, what it means for parents to be separated from their children, and the kinds of everyday tensions that emerge in living in dangerous, insecure, and precarious circumstances. In Global Child, the authors draw on what they have learned through their collaborative undertakings, and highlight the unique features of participatory, arts-based, and socio-ecological approaches to studying war-affected children and families, demonstrating the collective strength as well as the limitations and ethical implications of such research. Building on work across the Global South and the Global North, this book aims to deepen an understanding of their tri-pillared approach, and the potential of this methodology for contributing to improved practices in working with war-affected children and their families.

President Trump’s has repeated his ultimatum to Iran—reopen the Strait of Hormuz or face attacks on its power plants. But he has also spent the past few weeks claiming the strait's closure “doesn't really affect” America. Archie Hall, our US economics editor, explains why a closed strait will hurt America more than Donald Trump might think.

Architectural practice in Yunnan during the Second Sino-Japanese War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression exhibits characteristics of diversity, openness, and pragmatic rationality, fundamentally representing a creative breakthrough amid multiple liminal states. This study examines the Kunming Nanping Theater during wartime through the lens of construction technology. By integrating fieldwork, historical archival research, and oral history interviews with structural analyses, the study reconstructs the decision-making chain and implementation pathway of the theater's design and construction. It explores the modern architectural practice in Yunnan under unique historical conditions. The research aims to investigate the intrinsic mechanisms of localized transformation in contemporary architectural design and construction during exceptional periods, revealing the driving forces and operational logic behind architectural creation during the war. By expanding the perspective of construction technology in the history of modern Chinese architecture, this study further discusses the historical lessons and theoretical insights it offers for global wartime architectural practice and contemporary architectural practice.

The roots of Japan's aggressive, expansionist foreign policy have often been traced to its concern over acute economic vulnerability. Historian Michael Barnhart tests this assumption by examining the events leading up to World War II in the context of Japan's quest for economic security. Drawing on a wide array of Japanese and American sources, this is the first English-language book on the war's origins to be based on research in archives on both sides of the Pacific. Barnhart focuses on the critical years from 1938 to 1941 as he investigates the development of Japan's drive for national economic self-sufficiency and independence and the way in which this drive shaped its internal and external policies. He also explores American economic pressure on Tokyo and assesses its impact on Japan's foreign policy and domestic economy. He concludes that Japan's internal political dynamics, especially the bitter rivalry between its army and navy, played a far greater role in propelling the nation into war with the United States than did its economic condition or even pressure from Washington. Japan Prepares for Total War sheds new light on prewar Japan and confirms the opinions of those in Washington who advocated economic pressure against Japan. At a time of growing interest in U.S.-Japanese economic relations, this book will be stimulating and provocative reading for scholars and students of international relations and American and Asian history. The roots of Japan's aggressive, expansionist foreign policy have often been traced to its concern over acute economic vulnerability. Michael A. Barnhart tests this assumption by examining the events leading up to World War II in the context of Japan's quest for economic security, drawing on a wide array of Japanese and American sources.Barnhart focuses on the critical years from 1938 to 1941 as he investigates the development of Japan's drive for national economic self-sufficiency and independence and the way in which this drive shaped its internal and external policies. He also explores American economic pressure on Tokyo and assesses its impact on Japan's foreign policy and domestic economy. He concludes that Japan's internal political dynamics, especially the bitter rivalry between its army and navy, played a far greater role in propelling the nation into war with the United States than did its economic condition or even pressure from Washington. Japan Prepares for Total War sheds new light on prewar Japan and confirms the opinions of those in Washington who advocated economic pressure against Japan.

This article traces three wartime speech practices – decapitalization, derogatory neologisms (rusnia, rashyzm), and “Mock Russian” spellings – that Ukrainians deploy to demote the aggressor symbolically. We analyze five sub-corpora totalling ≈ 179.3 million tokens (incl. 2.1 million tweets, ~ 34 M tokens) gathered between February 2022 and December 2024. Lower-case росія/путін overtook canonical spellings within six weeks of the full-scale invasion, while the share of novel slurs in Russia-referencing vocabulary rose from < 5% pre-invasion to ≈ 35–39% by late 2024 (with an early-2022 surge). Mixed-script parodies further recast Russian as linguistically defective. We argue that these graphic and lexical moves function as de-colonial speech acts that renegotiate linguistic hierarchy in real time. The study provides a data-driven model for tracking symbolic power shifts in conflict zones and extends post-colonial sociolinguistics to the Russo-Ukrainian war.

This article analyses the legal, psychological and institutional dimensions of staff rotation in Ukraine’s customs administration, introduced amid public service reform under martial law. It argues that while rotation is promoted as an anti-corruption and managerial renewal tool, it operates in practice within an ambiguous legal framework that exposes deeper governance and trust deficits. Drawing on comparative administrative law, empirical data and socio-legal scholarship, the study examines how fragmented regulation, weak procedural safeguards and limited ethical leadership shape institutional resilience and staff confidence. The findings show how the effectiveness of rotation depends less on its formal design than on its legal clarity, fairness and ethical implementation. When these elements are lacking, rotation risks eroding rather than strengthening institutional trust. Situating Ukraine’s experience within broader European and global practice, the article concludes that legally codified and ethically grounded mobility frameworks are essential for sustainable public sector reform and institutional integrity in times of crisis.Keywords:rotation, institutional trust, customs reform, Ukraine, wartime governance.

At the current stage of global economic transformations, the issues of restructuring the economies of countries around the world are extremely important. These issues are particularly relevant in the context of a changing, unstable external environment and crisis situations worldwide. For Ukraine, economic restructuring should become one of the strategic tasks of post-wartime reconstruction and State development, ensuring the resilience of the economic system. Experts assert that Ukraine’s economic system continues its transformation under conditions of global instability, geopolitical challenges, and internal structural changes. Notably, the most significant structural changes have been observed in recent years in sectors such as agriculture (the transition from a raw material model to the production of finished goods with high added value); the IT industry (a strategic direction for service exports); and energy (the shift towards decarbonization and green energy); defense-industrial complex (strengthening of innovative potential); transport and logistics complex (development of modern transport and logistics infrastructure), etc. It should be noted that new challenges, risks, external threats, and crisis phenomena affecting the structural transformations of the national economy require the search for and substantiation of the theoretical and methodological approaches to determining the priority areas for restructuring the economy and developing relevant instruments and applied recommendations for their implementation in practice. Therefore, this study is dedicated to analyzing the relationship between restructuring and the country’s economy using a bibliometric approach. The aim of the article is to identify trends and key research directions on the restructuring of the country’s economy based on bibliometric analysis using VOSviewer software. It is found that the restructuring of the country’s economy is primarily viewed from the perspectives of systemic, innovative, circular, and strategic approaches. This, in turn, requires the formation of a fundamentally new economic model based on strategic, innovative, green, digital, and security principles. The results of the research will provide a comprehensive understanding of the current state and future prospects of research on the restructuring of the country’s economy. This, in turn, may assist in identifying priority measures to stabilize the socioeconomic situation during martial law, as well as in formulating a more effective strategy for the recovery of Ukraine’s economy in the post-wartime period.

This article proposes a framework for understanding variation in armed groups' abilities to control wartime violence, including violence against civilians. I argue that patterns (both levels and forms) of violence are shaped by armed group leaders' attempts to meet two conflicting imperatives. To succeed, commanders must build a fighting force capable of swift, unhesitating violence; they must also maintain some control over the level, form(s), and targeting of violence. I refer to this situation as the Commander's Dilemma. Drawing on literatures from psychology and sociology, I argue that effective behavioral control cannot be achieved via extrinsic incentives (i.e. pecuniary or non-pecuniary rewards and punishments) alone. Rather, effective control of combatant violence depends upon armed group institutions intended to align combatants' preferences with those of commanders. I therefore focus analytically on political education, the armed group institution most likely to operate in this way. In particular, I hypothesize that armed groups with strong and consistent institutions for political education should display, on average, narrower repertoires of violence than those without. This argument finds preliminary support in a crossnational analysis of reported rape by rebel forces, as well as a qualitative investigation of armed groups during civil war in El Salvador. More broadly, this approach suggests that the creation of restraint is at least as important to our understandings of wartime violence as the production of violence.

Love and intimate relations between German men and Norwegian women were a widespread phenomenon during WWII. Like in many other European countries, these women were stigmatized and humiliated both by the authorities and by the civilian population. In this article, I discuss four postmemory literary works that address this issue: Edvard Hoem’s novel Mors og fars historie (The Story of My Mother and Father, 2005), Lene Ask’s graphic novel Hitler, Jesus og farfar (Hitler, Jesus, and Grandfather, 2006), Randi Crott and Lillian Crott Berthung’s autobiography Ikke si det til noen! (Don’t tell anyone!, 2013), and Atle Næss’s novel Blindgjengere (Duds, 2019). I explore how the narratives create a living connection between then and now and how they deal with unresolved questions and knowledge gaps. Furthermore, I discuss common themes such as the fate and identity of war children, national responsibilities versus individual choice, and norms connected to gender and sexuality. I argue that these postmemory interpretations of wartime love affairs not only aim to retell the past but to investigate the normative frameworks within which these relationships took place. My contention is that the postmemory gaze pays primary attention to the power of cultural constructions—of nationality, identity, and gender—as well as their context-related historical changes.

President Xi Jinping has purged his top military officials, raising doubts about the China's readiness for war. Tap the link to read more about what this means for the country's potential invasion of Taiwan in 2027.