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Associations Between Hand Hygiene Education and Self-Reported Hand-Washing Behaviors Among Korean Adults During MERS-CoV Outbreak
Background. Hand washing is an effective way to prevent transmission of infectious diseases. Education and promotional materials about hand washing may change individuals’ awareness toward hand washing. Infectious disease outbreak may also affect individuals’ awareness. Aims. Our study aimed to examine associations between hand-washing education and self-reported hand-washing behaviors among Korean adults during the year of the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) outbreak. Methods. Data from the 2015 Community Health Survey were used for this study. The total study population comprised 222,599 individuals who were older than 20 years of age. A multiple linear regression model was used to investigate associations between hand hygiene education and self-reported hand-washing behaviors. Subgroup analyses stratified by age, sex, income, and MERS outbreak regions were also performed. Results. Individuals who received hand-washing education or saw promotional materials related to hand washing had significantly higher scores for self-reported use of soap or sanitizer (β = 0.177, P < .0001) and self-reported frequency of hand washing (β = 0.481, P < .0001) than those who did not have such experiences. The effect of hand-washing education on self-reported behavior change was greater among older adults, women, and lower income earners. The effect of hand hygiene education on self-reported use of soap or sanitizer was similar regardless of whether the participants lived in MERS regions. Conclusion. Our findings emphasize the importance of education or promotions encouraging hand washing, especially for older adults, women, and lower income earners. In addition, MERS outbreak itself affected individuals’ awareness of hand-washing behaviors. Well-organized campaigns that consider these factors are needed to prevent infectious diseases.
Journal Article
Brands Taking a Stand
In today’s marketplace, consumers want brands to take a stand on sociopolitical issues. When brands match activist messaging, purpose, and values with prosocial corporate practice, they engage in authentic brand activism, creating the most potential for social change and the largest gains in brand equity. In contrast, brands that detach their activist messaging from their purpose, values, and practice are enacting inauthentic brand activism through the practice of “woke washing,” potentially misleading consumers with their claims, damaging both their brand equity and potential for social change. First, the authors draw on theory to inform a typology of brand activism to determine how, and when, a brand engaging with a sociopolitical cause can be viewed as authentic. Second, a theory-driven framework identifies moderate, optimal incongruence between brand and cause as a boundary condition, showing how brand activists may strengthen outcomes in an increasingly crowded marketplace. Third, the authors explore important policy and practice implications for current and aspiring brand activists, from specific brand-level standards in marketing efforts to third-party certifications and public sector partnerships.
Journal Article
Don't wash Winston
When Liam's favorite teddy bear, Winston, gets muddy and needs to be washed, he plots to save his friend from the terrible fate of the big, loud, scary washing machine.
Book
Effect of different washing processes, twill direction and yarn types on the performance properties of denim fabrics
This study aims to investigate the effects of different washing processes, twill directions, and yarn types on the performance properties of denim fabrics. For this purpose, 100% cotton elastane, 85% cotton/15% Modal elastane, and 85% cotton/15% Tencel elastane including denim fabrics were produced with two different weaves (3/1 Z and 3/1 S), and four different industrial washing operations were applied to these denim fabrics. In addition, untreated fabrics (not industrially washed) were used to compare the performance of the fabrics before and after industrial washing. The highest warp-breaking strength values were observed in the rinse-washed fabrics, whereas the highest shrinkage, elasticity, and rubbing fastness values were observed in the bleach-washed fabrics. In addition, it can be said that industrial washing processes reduce the growth values of untreated fabrics and reduce the bagging during use. Although the crystallisation degree of Tencel fibre is higher than that of Modal fibre, it was concluded that the use of Modal fibre with cotton increased the strength values. In contrast, the use of Tencel fibre with cotton increased the elasticity and rubbing fastness values of the denim fabrics.
Journal Article
Release of polyester and cotton fibers from textiles in machine washings
Microplastics are widely spread in the environment, which along with still increasing production have aroused concern of their impacts on environmental health. The objective of this study is to quantify the number and mass of two most common textile fibers discharged from sequential machine washings to sewers. The number and mass of microfibers released from polyester and cotton textiles in the first wash varied in the range 2.1 × 10
5
to 1.3 × 10
7
and 0.12 to 0.33%
w
/
w
, respectively. Amounts of released microfibers showed a decreasing trend in sequential washes. The annual emission of polyester and cotton microfibers from household washing machines was estimated to be 154,000 (1.0 × 10
14
) and 411,000 kg (4.9 × 10
14
) in Finland (population 5.5 × 10
6
). Due to the high emission values and sorption capacities, the polyester and cotton microfibers may play an important role in the transport and fate of chemical pollutants in the aquatic environment.
Journal Article
Effects of the Washing Time and Washing Solution on the Biocompatibility and Mechanical Properties of 3D Printed Dental Resin Materials
Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology is highly regarded in the field of dentistry. Three-dimensional printed resin restorations must undergo a washing process to remove residual resin on the surface after they have been manufactured. However, the effect of the use of different washing solutions and washing times on the biocompatibility of the resulting resin restorations is unclear. Therefore, we prepared 3D-printed denture teeth and crown and bridge resin, and then washed them with two washing solutions (isopropyl alcohol and tripropylene glycol monomethyl ether) using different time points (3, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, and 90 min). After this, the cell viability, cytotoxicity, and status of human gingival fibroblasts were evaluated using confocal laser scanning. We also analyzed the flexural strength, flexural modulus, and surface SEM imaging. Increasing the washing time increased the cell viability and decreased the cytotoxicity (p < 0.001). Confocal laser scanning showed distinct differences in the morphology and number of fibroblasts. Increasing the washing time did not significantly affect the flexural strength and surface, but the flexural modulus of the 90 min washing group was 1.01 ± 0.21 GPa (mean ± standard deviation), which was lower than that of all the other groups and decreased as the washing time increased. This study confirmed that the washing time affected the biocompatibility and mechanical properties of 3D printed dental resins.
Journal Article
Environmental impact measurement and chromatic performance evaluation of denim washing: a comparison to conventional and sustainable approaches for cleaner production
Over the past few decades, several developments and innovations have made denim a “classic” in today’s fashion cycle. Modern consumers today are concerned with clothing comfort, environmental sustainability, and esthetic appeal. Sustainability in denim washing is a pressing concern in the fashion industry, affecting consumers’ purchasing decisions. Sustainable alternatives for denim enthusiasts now include eco-friendly alternative garment dry and wet processes through nontoxic chemicals, process optimization, and washing recipe optimization. Previous research focused solely on the physical properties of denim samples following the use of hazardous conventional denim washing techniques; yet, those did not adequately represent empirical assessments of the environmental impact measurement, chromatic values, and visual uniformity of vintage effects on vat-dyed denim. This research compares the three conventional washing techniques such as dark, medium, and light washes with their sustainable counterparts, analyzing their environmental impacts and chromatic evaluation. Sustainable washing techniques tend to be more efficient, saving at least 15.5–21.5 min per wash. While medium and dark washing save 14.44 l/kg and 19.4 l/kg of water, respectively, sustainable light washing saves 3.9 l/kg. Sustainable washes are more economical, and those techniques also consume less energy and have lower chemical and energy impact scores than conventional washes. The Environmental Impact Measurement (EIM) scoring system implies 0–33 for low impact, 34–66 for medium impact, and > 66 for high impact. EIM score of conventional washing methods (42 for light, 51 for medium, and 57 for dark wash) is greater than that of sustainable washing methods (8 for light, 13 for medium, and 17 for dark wash). Evaluations indicate a decline in color strength (
K
/
S
), chromaticity (
C
*), and hue angle (
h
) for light-washed denim of conventional and sustainable types. Conversely, the light-washed samples show higher color difference (Δ
E
), and CIE
L
*
a
*
b
* values in comparison to medium- and dark-washed denim samples of conventional and sustainable types. This research provides a comprehensive assessment using metrics like EIM score, color differences, color strength, chromaticity, and hue angle.
Graphical abstract
Journal Article