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The pretreatment of high-salinity and high-organic-load wastewater remains a significant challenge in wastewater treatment. In this study, a synchronous coagulation-ozonation (SCO) process was developed to enhance the pollutant removal efficiency. The effects of critical parameters, including ozone concentration, polyaluminum chloride (PAC) dosage, reaction time, and pH, were systematically evaluated. Under optimal conditions (145.5 mg/L O₃, 70 mg Al/L PAC, and 10 min), the SCO process achieved 32.87% TOC and 35.81% UV254 removal, outperforming ozonation alone by 13.87% and 13.30%, respectively. High concentrations of Cl⁻ and SO₄²⁻ inhibited organic matter decomposition in the SCO system. However, no significant interference was observed in the decomposition of ammonia nitrogen (NH ₄ ⁺-N). 3D-EEM fluorescence spectroscopy revealed the synergistic mechanism: (1) ozone-mediated cleavage of macromolecules (e.g., humic substances) and (2) PAC-induced coagulation of oxidized fragments. This dual-action strategy not only improves contaminant decomposition but also aids in subsequent treatment stages. These findings provide a promising approach for the efficient pretreatment of refractory industrial wastewater. Highlights Synchronous coagulation-ozonation enhanced pollutant removal efficiency. Ozone broke down macromolecules (e.g., humic substances), while PAC coagulation effectively removed the oxidized fragments, improving overall organic matter degradation. Dual-action (oxidation + coagulation) strategy enhances contaminant breakdown and facilitates downstream treatment, offering a promising solution for high-salinity, high-organic-load industrial wastewater.

This article explores beachcombing and gleaning as practices that combine mobility with daydreaming and which allow us to experience our environment with the perception of ‘tactile nearness’ (Benjamin). Through eco-poetics shaped by ‘inconceivable analogies and connections’ (Benjamin), the author re-imagines a neglected space used as a short-cut on the way to work—the Liverpool Adelphi car park in Liverpool—as “Car Park Beach”. Inspired by the situationists’ slogan ‘Sous les pavés, la plage’, the author argues that Car Park Beach opens up imaginative possibilities for a different form of ecological encounter with our own precarity, one ushered in by a ‘close-up’ awareness of how waste transforms our world. Car Park Beach is a site that the author associates with the drift-like, distracted movements of both people and matter, and this article therefore attempts to deploy an equivalent method of analysis. Drawing on her own practice of gleaning photos and objects on the way to work, the author places a vocabulary of flotsam and jetsam at the axis of her discussion. Allusive, often layered, connections are followed between a diverse range of sources including beachcombing guides, literary memoirs, documentary films, eco-criticism, and auto-ethnography.

High oxidation potential as well as other advantages over other tertiary wastewater treatments have led in recent years to a focus on the development of advanced oxidation processes based on sulfate radicals (SR-AOPs). These radicals can be generated from peroxymonosulfate (PMS) and persulfate (PS) through various activation methods such as catalytic, radiation or thermal activation. This review manuscript aims to provide a state-of-the-art overview of the different methods for PS and PMS activaton, as well as the different applications of this technology in the field of water and wastewater treatment. Although its most widespread application is the elimination of micropollutants, its use for the disinfection of wastewater is gaining increasing interest. In addition, the possibility of combining this technology with ultrafiltration membranes to improve the water quality and lifespan of the membranes has also been discussed. Finally, a brief economic analysis of this technology has been undertaken and the different attempts made to implement it at full-scale have been summarized. As a result, this review tries to be useful for all those people working in that area.

Citrus junos Tanaka (CJ)-related products are well-accepted by consumers worldwide; thus, they generate huge amounts of waste (peel, pulp, and seed) through CJ processing. Although some CJ by-products (CJBs) are recycled, their use is limited owing to the limited understanding of their nutritional and economic value. The exposure to particulate matter (PM) increases the risk of respiratory diseases. In this study, we investigated the ameliorative effects of CJB extracts (100, 200 mg/kg/day, 7 days) on PM10-induced (10 mg/kg, intranasal, 6 h) lung damage in BALB/c mice. Cell type-specific signaling pathways are examined using the A549 (PM10, 200 μg/mL, 6 h) and RAW264.7 (LPS, 100 ng/mL, 6 h) cell lines. The CJB extracts significantly attenuated PM10-induced pulmonary damage and inflammatory cell infiltration in a mouse model. The essential protein markers in inflammatory signaling pathways, such as AKT, ERK, JNK, and NF-κB for PM10-induced phosphorylation, were dramatically reduced by CJB extract treatment in both the mouse and cell models. Furthermore, the CJB extracts reduced the production of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide in a dose-dependent manner in the cells. Comprehensively, the CJB extracts were effective in reducing PM10-induced lung injuries by suppressing pulmonary inflammation, potentially due to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the fermentation profile and nutritional value of Marandu grass silage (Urochloa brizantha (Hoschst.Ex. A. Rich) R. D. Webster cv. Marandu Syn. Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. Ex A. Rich) Stapf cv. Marandu with different levels of inclusion of dehydrated banana peel. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with marandu grass with five levels of dehydrated banana peel (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% of natural matter) with eight replicates. The data collected were submitted to analysis of variance and, when the \"F\" test was significant, the inclusion levels of the pre-dried banana peel were analyzed utilizing orthogonal polynomials and linear and quadratic regression models. The mean values of N-NH3 were adjusted to the linear regression model (p < 0.01), while the pH values had the lowest value of 4.3 with the inclusion of 15% of banana peel. The mean values of the gas loss (PG, P = 0.01) and the dry matter recovery (RMS; P = 0.01) were adjusted to the quadratic regression model, with a minimum point of 16.15% for losses and 21% as the maximum point for dry matter recovery. The rate of degradation potential degradability of the dry matter (SD; P = 0.74) did not vary with the inclusion of the banana peel. The potential degradability standardized at 2, 5 and 8% was adjusted to the regressive linear regression model (p < 0.01), and for each percentage point of inclusion of the banana peel, there was a reduction of 0.23, 0.14 and 0.10%, respectively. The inclusion of 10 to 20% dehydrated banana peel in the marandu grass silage improves the fermentation profile and the nutritional value of the silage

This article discusses the accuracy of the gravimetric measurement method of total particulate matter concentration in waste gases where the basic assumption is that sample collection of dust-laden gas is done in a grid with a finite number of points in the conduit’s measurement plane. In this standard approach, the sample is assumed to be representative for dust-laden gas in the conduit, and consequently, the total particulate matter concentration measured for the sample is considered the mean concentration in the conduit. The article investigates this assumption against the standard-imposed number of sampling points and in view of spatial distributions of particulate matter concentration in industrial plants which—being continuous—are not identified in measuring practice. Possible distributions were simulated both for particulate matter concentration and for gas velocity in rectangular conduits, and the following were calculated: (a) an accurate mean particulate matter concentration in the measurement plane, based on its definition employing continuous distributions of particulate matter concentration and gas velocity and (b) the concentration in a sample, i.e. measured concentration. Measurement deviation between those concentrations was determined, which is specific for cumulative gas sampling. Using the obtained set of possible deviations, an estimation method was suggested for the relevant uncertainty component of the gravimetric method, which so far has not been taken into account in the industrial measurement accuracy analyses. It turns out that the level of this uncertainty component for measuring the mean particulate matter concentration in the conduit (resulting from “measurement discretization”) is not to be ignored.

Beverage industries often discharge large amounts of organic matter with their wastewater. Purification of the effluent is their obligation, but it is nontrivial. Among wastewater components, removal of dissolved organic matter often requires much effort. Therefore, a special effective technique must be considered. Microbubbles (1–100 μm) have several special properties of relevance to wastewater treatment. In this study, the effectiveness of microbubbles for treating and purifying beverage wastewater was evaluated. Orange juice, lactic acid drink, and milk were used as model substrates of dissolved organic matter, and degradation experiments were carried out. Rates of air supply by microbubbles were 0.05% (air/wastewater) min−1. Results indicated that the total organic carbon (TOC) in an experimental vessel containing milk (high nitrogen content) decreased by 93.1% from 11.0 to 0.76 g during a 10-day incubation. The TOC of lactic acid drink (least nitrogen content) decreased by 66.3%, from 15.6 to 5.26 g, and the TOC of orange juice (medium nitrogen content) decreased by 82.7%, from 14.8 to 2.55 g. Large amounts of particulate organic matter floated on the water surface in the milk with microbubbles and were removed easily, while almost no floating materials were observed in the orange juice and lactic acid drink. In contrast, in the macrobubble treatment (diameter 0.1 to 2 mm), only 37.0% of TOC in the milk was removed. Whereas the macrobubble treatments were anaerobic throughout the incubations, the microbubble treatments returned to aerobic conditions quickly, and brought 10 times greater bacterial abundances (>108 cells mL−1). These results suggest that microbubbles are much superior to macrobubbles in supplying oxygen and accelerating the growth of aerobic bacteria, and that wastewater containing more nitrogenous compounds was purified more effectively than that with less nitrogen by microbial degradation and floating separation.

This investigation aims to represent aerobic utilization of biodegradable organic matter present in wastewater by a rate equation. This rate equation can then be used to develop a substrate utilization (removal) kinetic model for unsteady state activated sludge process. To achieve this objective, theoretical utilization of biodegradable organic matter in batch process and growth pattern theory were studied. Also, experimental data representing removal of organic matter in different types of wastewaters were collected and analyzed for batch and continuous activated sludge assays. A rate equation was proposed to describe the utilization of biodegradable organic matter based on theoretical analysis of batch process. This rate equation was then verified through differential and integral analysis of the experimental data. Furthermore, a substrate kinetic model for batch and continuous processes was developed. The developed rate equation will facilitate the analysis and design of sequencing batch reactor (SBR) technology for biological treatment of wastewater. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]

The increasing use of electrical and electronic equipment leads to a huge generation of electronic waste (e-waste). It is the fastest growing waste stream in the world. Almost all electrical and electronic equipment contain printed circuit boards as an essential part. Improper handling of these electronic wastes could bring serious risk to human health and the environment. On the other hand, proper handling of this waste requires a sound management strategy for awareness, collection, recycling, and reuse. Nowadays, the effective recycling of this type of waste has been considered as a main challenge for any society. Printed circuit boards (PCBs), which are the base of many electronic industries, are rich in valuable heavy metals and toxic halogenated organic substances. In this review, the composition of different PCBs and their harmful effects are discussed. Various techniques in common use for recycling the most important metals from the metallic fractions of e-waste are illustrated. The recovery of metals from e-waste material after physical separation through pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical, or biohydrometallurgical routes is also discussed, along with alternative uses of non-metallic fraction. The data are explained and compared with the current e-waste management efforts done in Egypt. Future perspectives and challenges facing Egypt for proper e-waste recycling are also discussed.

Municipal solid waste (MSW) management poses a significant environmental challenge in municipalities across developing nations worldwide. Our studies were focused on characterizing the waste and analyzing the chemical properties of mixed waste fractions to assess their potential for waste-to-energy conversion. The objective of our study was to scrutinize the existing state of the MSW management system and gauge its waste generation rates. Specific ASTM methods were employed to carry out both physical and chemical characterizations. The outcomes reveal that the city generates a daily volume of 1155 tons of domestic solid waste (DSW), translating to a generation rate of 0.51 kg −1 capita −1  day −1 . When analyzed by source, organic matter emerged as the predominant constituent, accounting for 73.74% of the waste, followed by combustible content waste at 15.17%. The moisture content of MSW ranged between 26 and 58% throughout the seasons, while volatile solids varied from 22.35 to 99.74%. Among the components screened, carbon and oxygen stood out as the dominant elements. The calorific values encompassed a broad range, ranging from 14.87 MJ kg −1 for leather waste to a substantial 25,629.27 MJ kg −1 for organic waste. To alleviate the escalating burden of increasing solid waste generation, alternative treatment approaches were recommended. These include composting, biomethane plants, the establishment of recycling facilities, and the enhancement of existing landfill sites to scientifically designed landfills. In summary, the findings from this study provide valuable insights for regulatory bodies and municipal authorities. These insights can guide the formulation of policies concerning waste sampling, characterization, segregation, and the implementation of education and awareness campaigns.