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Understanding water power
\"...readers will discover what it takes to harness energy from the lakes, rivers, and seas, and how it can be used as an alternative to burning fossil fuels.\"--P. [4] of cover.
Book
The Impacts of Hydropower Dams in the Mekong River Basin: A Review
The Mekong River, well known for its aquatic biodiversity, is important to the social, physical, and economic health of millions living in China, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam. This paper explores the social and environmental impacts of several Mekong basin hydropower dams and groupings of dams and the geographies of their impacts. Specifically, we examined the 3S (Sesan, Sekong Srepok) river system in northeastern Cambodia, the Central Highlands of Vietnam, and southern Laos; the Khone Falls area in southern Laos; the lower Mun River Basin in northeastern Thailand; and the upper Mekong River in Yunnan Province, China, northeastern Myanmar, northern Laos, and northern Thailand. Evidence shows that these dams and groupings of dams are affecting fish migrations, river hydrology, and sediment transfers. Such changes are negatively impacting riparian communities up to 1000 km away. Because many communities depend on the river and its resources for their food and livelihood, changes to the river have impacted, and will continue to negatively impact, food and economic security. While social and environmental impact assessments have been carried out for these projects, greater consideration of the scale and cumulative impacts of dams is necessary.
Journal Article
Integrated modeling for assessing climate change impacts on water resources and hydropower potential in the Himalayas
Regional hydroclimatic variability and change can affect water resources and hydropower generation. It is essential to assess hydropower potential under current and future climatic conditions to inform the design and operation of hydropower infrastructures. Here, we employ an integrated modeling framework to assess the impact of projected hydroclimatic conditions on water resource systems and hydropower generation. The integrated framework samples climate model outputs under different scenarios to force a hydrologic model and produces streamflow projections. The projected streamflows are inputs for the future hydropower potential assessment. We implement the framework in the central Himalayan river basin. Our results demonstrate substantial spatiotemporal variability in different water balance components (precipitation, evapotranspiration, and water yield) under current and future climatic conditions. For the Himalayan Tila river basin, the annual average energy production is expected to increase under future hydroclimatic conditions (up to 39% in Tila-2 hydropower project, suggested by ensemble mean). This increase in energy is driven mainly by the increased streamflow projections, particularly during the dry season and in the late century. Our results highlight the impacts of hydroclimatic variability in hydropower productions and are of practical use to provide decision-relevant information for designing and operating hydropower infrastructures. The integrated modeling framework presented here is region-specific; however, the approach is reproducible, and the overall insights are generalizable across the Himalayan region.
Journal Article
Runoff from glacier ice and seasonal snow in High Asia: separating melt water sources in river flow
Across High Asia, the amount, timing, and spatial patterns of snow and ice melt play key roles in providing water for downstream irrigation, hydropower generation, and general consumption. The goal of this paper is to distinguish the specific contribution of seasonal snow versus glacier ice melt in the major basins of High Mountain Asia: Ganges, Brahmaputra, Indus, Amu Darya, and Syr Darya. Our methodology involves the application of MODIS-derived remote sensing products to separately calculate daily melt outputs from snow and glacier ice. Using an automated partitioning method, we generate daily maps of (1) snow over glacier ice, (2) exposed glacier ice, and (3) snow over land. These are inputs to a temperature index model that yields melt water volumes contributing to river flow. Results for the five major High Mountain Asia basins show that the western regions are heavily reliant on snow and ice melt sources for summer dry season flow when demand is at a peak, whereas monsoon rainfall dominates runoff during the summer period in the east. While uncertainty remains in the temperature index model applied here, our approach to partitioning melt from seasonal snow and glacier ice is both innovative and systematic and more constrained than previous efforts with similar goals.
Journal Article
Eutrophication Levels of Hydropower Plant Water Reservoirs Via Trophic State Index With Evaluation of the Fate of Pollutants Affected By the Land Use Model
Phosphorus and chlorophyll-a are considered the main responsible for the eutrophication of lakes and water reservoirs around the world. Monitoring of the physical, chemical, and biological variables of water provides the basis for environmental management and protection policies. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the level of eutrophication in waters of hydropower plant reservoirs, considering the Espora hydropower plant as model system, by applying the trophic state index. In this context, water samples were collected at 34 sampling points in four different periods of the year. It was possible to conclude that the study reservoir shows fluctuations in relation to the trophic state, influenced by the rains, which carry the phosphorus existing in the drainage basin into the reservoir. Statistical analysis showed the existence of a weak and negative correlation, dismantling the idea that the enrichment of the waters with phosphorus does not influence the increase in chlorophyll-a concentration to the point of causing eutrophication. It is expected that the results of this study can assist in the management and monitoring of lakes and reservoirs in different countries.
Journal Article
Hydropower
\"Describes the use of hydropower in the past, present, and future\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
How does the climate change effect on hydropower potential, freshwater fisheries, and hydrological response of snow on water availability?
Globally there is already a lot of pressure on water resources because of climate change, economic development, as well as an increasing global populace. Many rivers originate in the mountains, where snowfall fluctuations and the global climate’s inherent unpredictability affect the hydrological processes. Climate change sensitivity has been recognized in recent years and would affect hydropower, such as humidity, cloudiness, and precipitation, that are considered; global warming emerges as one of the most important contributors to climate change. The Yangtze River supports rich biodiversity and provides important ecosystem services for human survival and development. In addition, climate changes, particularly short-term and long-term precipitation and temperature fluctuations, influence the snow regime and the hydrological development of river flow response at the basin and sub-basin scales. More precise this review focused to understand the hydropower potential, freshwater fisheries, and hydrological response of snow dynamics in snow-dominated basins.
Journal Article