Explore the vast range of titles available.

Vitamins are essential nutrients that are classified into two groups, fat soluble vitamins (FSVs) and water-soluble vitamins (WSV). WSVs include thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pantothenic acid (B5), pyridoxal phosphate (B6), biotin (B7), folate (or folic acid) (B9), cobalamin (B12), and ascorbic acid (C). Although deficiency of WSVs is uncommon, it can still be seen among individuals with different disorders such as short bowel syndrome, chronic alcoholism, and malnourished or post bariatric surgery patients. Despite the use of advanced technologies such as chromatography and mass spectrometry to measure vitamins, there is a need for more consistent standardisation and reference intervals. Covariates such as requirement for sample collection, fasting and avoiding supplementation, require more work to assess their effects in the interpretation of vitamin results. The aim of this review is to highlight pre-analytical factors such as fasting and cessation of supplementation before sampling. There are no comprehensive guidelines found in the literature describing how long vitamin supplementation should be ceased before sampling, and further studies are warranted.

In present investigation, a comparative analysis of water soluble vitamins viz., B1 (thiamine HCl), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (nicotinamide), B5 (pantothenic acid), B6 (pyridoxine HCl), B9 (folic acid), B12 (cyanocobalamin) was carried out in fruits (immature, semimature and mature) of six date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars (“Barhee”, “Khalasah”, “Muzati”, “Shishi”, “Zart”, “Zardai”) growing in United Arab Emirates (UAE) by high performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC). The fruits were collected at three developing stages (immature, semimature and mature). Quantitative analysis of water soluble vitamins yield showed a significant variation within the different cultivars and the developing stages of date palm fruit. Vitamin B1, B3, B5, B6 were maximum (μg/100 g f.w.) in “Shishi”, “Zardai”, “Shishi” and “Muzati” at their matured stage, however, vitamin B2, B9, B12 were detected in immature fruit of “Khalasah”, “Khalasah” and “Shishi” cultivars. The vitamin production in fruits of different date palm cultivars was, therefore, developing stage specific and cultivar dependent. The present study showed that the date palm fruit could be used for human consumption with value addition of water soluble vitamins at their specific developmental stages.

Background/Objectives: We examined the association between 24-h urinary excretion of water-soluble vitamin levels and their intakes in free-living Japanese university students. The design used was cross-sectional study. Subjects/Methods: A total of 216 healthy, free-living male and female Japanese university students aged 18–27 years voluntarily participated in this study, of which 156 students were eligible for this assessment. All foods consumed for 4 consecutive days were recorded accurately by a weighed food record method. A 24-h urine sample was collected on the fourth day, and the urinary levels of water-soluble vitamins were measured. Results: Each urinary water-soluble vitamin level, except for vitamin B 12 , was correlated positively with its mean intake in the recent 2–4 days (vitamin B 1 : r =0.42, P <0.001; vitamin B 2 : r =0.43, P <0.001; vitamin B 6 : r =0.40, P <0.001; vitamin B 12 : r =0.06, P =0.493; niacin: r =0.35, P <0.001; niacin equivalents: r =0.33, P <0.001; pantothenic acid: r =0.47, P <0.001; folate: r =0.27, P =0.001; vitamin C: r =0.44, P <0.001). Mean estimated water-soluble vitamin intakes calculated from urinary levels and recovery rates showed 91–101% of their 3-day mean intakes, except for vitamin B 12 (61%). Conclusions: These results showed that urinary water-soluble vitamin levels, except for vitamin B 12 , reflect their recent intakes in free-living Japanese university students, and could be used as a potential biomarker to estimate mean vitamin intake.

The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of cooking method on thiamin (B1), riboflavin (B2), and pyridoxine (B6) vitamin content of rice samples consumed in Iran by using high‐performance liquid chromatography technique. The amount of B1, B2, and B6 obtained ranged from 2.98 to 15.89, 1.15 to 22.19, and 0.96 to 4.44 μg/g, respectively, for the boiling method. In the traditional method, these vitamins had a concentration between 4.09 and 29.55, 4.87 and 16.19, and 1.52 and 12.18 μg/g, respectively. However, limit of detection (LOD) values for B1, B2, and B6 vitamins were 0.159, 0.090, and 0.041 μg/ml, respectively. Multivariate methods and heatmap visualization were applied to estimate the correlation among the type and amount of vitamins and cooking methods. According to heatmap findings, B1 and B6 vitamins and the cooking method had the closest accessions, representing that this variable had similar trends. Nevertheless, it can be concluded that the traditional cooking method can maintain more vitamins in rice samples. The amount of B1, B2, and B6 obtained ranged from 2.89 to 15.89, 1.15 to 22.19, and 0.96 to 4.44 mg/kg, respectively, for the traditional method. In the boiling method, these vitamins had a concentration between 4.09 and 29.55, 4.87 and 16.19, and 1.52 and 12.18 mg/kg, respectively. However, LOD values for B1, B2, and B6 vitamins were 0.159, 0.090, and 0.041, respectively. Multivariate methods and heatmap visualization were applied to estimate the correlation among the type and amount of vitamins and cooking methods.

Recent studies have shown that micronutrients are involved in the pathology of type 2 diabetes. Antioxidant effects of vitamins C and B 2 and homocysteine-lowering effects of vitamins B 6 , folate and B 12 may have protective roles. However, a few reports have investigated the association between dietary water-soluble vitamin intakes and risk of diabetes. In a prospective study encompassing 19 168 healthy Japanese men and women aged 40–79 years, we examined the associations between dietary intakes of water-soluble vitamins, determined by a validated self-administered FFQ, with the risk of 5-year cumulative incidence of type 2 diabetes by using the logistic regression model. Within the 5-year period, there were 494 self-reported new cases of diabetes. Higher dietary intakes of vitamins C, B 2 and folate were associated with lower risk of incident diabetes only in women, whereas no associations of dietary intakes of vitamins B 1 , B 3 , B 5 , B 6 and B 12 were observed in either sex. The multivariable OR in the highest v . the lowest quartile of intakes among women were 0·61 (95 % CI 0·44, 0·94; P -trend = 0·04) for vitamin C, 0·56 (95 % CI 0·34, 0·93; P -trend = 0·03) for vitamin B 2 and 0·70 (95 % CI 0·46, 0·98; P -trend = 0·03) for folate. Other than that for sex ( P < 0·05), the P -interactions with age, BMI, smoking status or having a family history of diabetes were >0·10. In conclusion, higher dietary intakes of vitamins C, B 2 and folate, but not other water-soluble vitamins, were associated with reduced risk of type 2 diabetes in Japanese women.

Research on water-soluble vitamins has evolved from discovery to the development of renewable biosynthesis that can replace traditional extraction and chemical synthesis by more sustainable production methods.Microbial cell factories, empowered by synthetic biotechnology such as pathway optimization, gene editing, and strain selection, can achieve more sustainable production of water-soluble vitamins and reduce environmental impact.Biosensors for water-soluble vitamins enable high-throughput screening by more efficient and reliable automated platforms, thereby accelerating the discovery of production strains and the optimization of bio-intelligent production conditions.Bio-intelligent platforms integrating artificial intelligence (AI) and biological systems hold promise in addressing challenges in water-soluble vitamin production to enable accurate prediction and intelligent control of production processes. Given the crucial role of water-soluble vitamins in the human body and the rising demand for natural sources, their biosynthesis has gained the attention of researchers. This review offers a comprehensive look at recent progress in water-soluble vitamin biosynthesis, emphasizing synthetic biotechnology for green biomanufacturing. Specifically, it encompasses the optimization of biological components, pathways, and systems, as well as energy metabolism regulation, stress-tolerance enhancement, high-throughput screening, and the upscaling of production processes. It also envisages intelligent biomanufacturing platforms, highlighting the role of systems biology and artificial intelligence (AI), and proposes future research directions, such as integrating AI-driven metabolic models, enzyme engineering, and cell-free systems, to address limitations in the efficiency, toxicity, and scalability of water-soluble vitamin production. Given the crucial role of water-soluble vitamins in the human body and the rising demand for natural sources, their biosynthesis has gained the attention of researchers. This review offers a comprehensive look at recent progress in water-soluble vitamin biosynthesis, emphasizing synthetic biotechnology for green biomanufacturing. Specifically, it encompasses the optimization of biological components, pathways, and systems, as well as energy metabolism regulation, stress-tolerance enhancement, high-throughput screening, and the upscaling of production processes. It also envisages intelligent biomanufacturing platforms, highlighting the role of systems biology and artificial intelligence (AI), and proposes future research directions, such as integrating AI-driven metabolic models, enzyme engineering, and cell-free systems, to address limitations in the efficiency, toxicity, and scalability of water-soluble vitamin production.

Due to the high mortality rate in Western countries, pancreatic cancer is considered one of the big killers, leaving patients and their families with little hope upon diagnosis. Although surgical and drug therapies are critical for cancer patients to improve life expectancy and alleviation of suffering, nutrition plays a key role in improving cancer treatment outcomes. This narrative review, conducted as part of the activities of the Italian Society of Human Nutrition (SINU) working group in oncology, focuses on the prevalence of vitamin malnutrition among pancreatic cancer patients. The results of the literature search show that pancreatic cancer patients are at a heightened risk of water-soluble vitamin deficiencies, particularly of vitamins B1, B3, and B6. Additionally, they also face an increased risk of deficiency of fat-soluble vitamins. Among these vitamins, the potential role of vitamin D in pancreatic cancer has garnered the most attention, with its plasma levels being identified as a significant factor in patient survival. Investigating vitamin nutritional status could provide valuable insights for incorporating nutritional approaches into the prevention and treatment of pancreatic cancer, thereby reducing the exacerbation of symptoms associated with the diagnosis.

Evidence of the effects of water-soluble vitamins (e.g., B vitamins, vitamin C, and total folate) on cognitive function in patients with neurodegenerative diseases is mixed. Furthermore, the relationships among homocysteine (Hcy) metabolism, water-soluble vitamins, and cognitive impairment remain unclear. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the role of the levels of water-soluble vitamins [e.g., vitamins B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5mTHF), B12, and C and total folate] and Hcy in dementia progression in patients with neurodegenerative diseases. In this retrospective cohort study, we enrolled 280 healthy controls and 646 patients with a neurodegenerative disease. Patients were classified into a Parkinson’s disease (PD) group ( n  = 312), Alzheimer’s disease (AD) group ( n  = 219), or other dementia group ( n  = 115) according to pathological features. The other dementia group comprised 25 patients with frontotemporal dementia, 38 with Lewy body dementia, 34 with vascular dementia, and 18 with semantic dementia. Serum vitamins (i.e., B1, B2, B3, B5, VB6, 5mTHF, and C) were measured via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry. Total Hcy, vitamin B12 and total folate levels were measured using commercial electrochemiluminescence immunoassays. The serum levels of vitamins B1, B2, B5, B6, 5mTHF, and C were lower in all patient groups than in the control group. The logistic regression results revealed that lower levels of serum vitamins B2, B6, 5mTHF, and B12 were associated with a higher risk of dementia in PD patients, and higher Hcy levels and lower serum vitamin B6 and 5mTHF levels were associated with a higher risk of AD-related cognitive impairment. In addition, the level of vitamins was positively correlated with neuropsychological assessment scores and negatively correlated with Hcy level and stage of dementia. The levels of several water-soluble vitamins are lower in dementia patients. Moreover, lower levels of water-soluble vitamins and higher levels of Hcy increased odds ratios for having neurodegenerative diseases or cognitive impairment. These findings suggest that estimating water-soluble vitamin levels in older adults may be valuable given that they may help improve cognitive function.

Nutrition may affect animal health due to the strong link between them. Also, diets improve the healing process in various disease states. Cancer is a disease, where the harmful consequences of tumors severely impair the body. The information regarding the evolution of this disease is extrapolated from human to animal because there are few specific studies regarding nutritional needs in animals with cancer. Thus, this paper aims to review the literature regarding the immunomodulatory effects of vitamins in mammal cancer. An adequate understanding of the metabolism and requirements of nutrients for mammals is essential to ensuring their optimal growth, development, and health, regardless of their food sources. According to these: 1) Some species are highly dependent on vitamin D from food, so special attention must be paid to this aspect. Calcitriol/VDR signaling can activate pro-apoptotic proteins and suppress anti-apoptotic ones. 2) Nitric oxide (NO) production is modulated by vitamin E through inhibiting transcription nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation. 3) Thiamine supplementation could be responsible for the stimulation of tumor cell proliferation, survival, and resistance to chemotherapy. 4) Also, it was found that the treatment with NO-Cbl in dogs is a viable anti-cancer therapy that capitalizes on the tumor-specific properties of the vitamin B12 receptor. Therefore, diets should contain the appropriate class of compounds in adequate proportions. Also, the limitations of this paper are that some vitamins are intensively studied and at the same time regarding others, there is a lack of information, especially in animals. Therefore, some subsections are longer and more heavily debated than others.

Aging is associated with numerous physiological changes that contribute to immunosenescence and inflammaging, resulting in a decline in immune defense and an increased susceptibility to infections. Older adults are at risk of inadequate dietary intake and suboptimal supply of micronutrients, including water-soluble vitamins, even those generally considered sufficient in the overall population. These deficiencies may have relevant but often underrecognized consequences for immune function in the elderly. This review article aims to provide a well-defined overview and comprehensive assessment of the immunomodulatory properties of water-soluble vitamins in individuals aged 65 and older, with a particular focus on vitamins B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12 and C. We reviewed and discussed available human-, animal- and studies examining the relationship between water-soluble vitamin status and immune parameters in older adults. In addition, we summarized, compared and graphically illustrated Recommended Dietary Allowances, Nutrient Reference Values and Tolerable Upper Intake Levels for the investigated vitamins across different reference systems. Aging and insufficient plasma levels of water-soluble vitamins are both associated with immune decline and chronic inflammation. Adequate dietary intake and supplementation of vitamins B1-B12 and vitamin C may help counteract these aging-related immune alterations by supporting immune cell metabolism and reducing susceptibility to infections. Further human studies, and randomized controlled trials in particular, are required to better define the role of water-soluble vitamins in maintaining immune function during aging.