Explore the vast range of titles available.

The goal of this study was to tease apart the roles of phonological awareness (pA) and phonological short-term memory (pSTM) in sentence comprehension, sentence production, and word reading. Children 6- to 10-years of age (N  =  377) completed standardized tests of pA (‘Elision’) and pSTM (‘Nonword Repetition’) from the Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing. Concepts and Following Directions (CFD) and Formulated Sentences (FS) were taken from the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals-Fourth Edition, as measures of sentence comprehension and production, respectively. Children also completed the Word Identification (Word Id) and Word Attack (Word Att) subtests of the Woodcock Reading Mastery Test-Third Edition. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses controlling for age and nonverbal IQ revealed that Elision was the only significant predictor of CFD and FS. While Elision was the strongest predictor of Word Id and Word Att, Nonword Repetition accounted for additional variance in both reading measures. These results emphasize the usefulness of breaking down phonological processing into multiple components and they also have implications language and reading disordered populations.

Word‐level reading skills are foundational to reading comprehension. The correlation between isolated word‐level reading and reading comprehension is quite high. Reading fluency is also highly predictive of reading comprehension. This chapter focuses on the assessment of both isolated word reading and reading fluency. The obvious way to provide a correct response to an unfamiliar word on a word identification task is through phonic decoding. Most word identification tests consist of a graded word list, so any guessing is not based on context. Little needs to be said about the traditional word identification subtests because they are familiar to those doing educational evaluations. These tasks/subtests are standard on almost every achievement battery that assesses reading. One can define at least four functional types of fluency tasks: RAN (digits, letters, objects or colors); word‐level fluency (real words and nonsense words); sentence‐level fluency; and passage‐level fluency.

Two experiments examined the impact of Twitter followers, electronic word-of-mouth (eWoM) valence, and celebrity type (prosocial versus antisocial) on consumer behavior in Twitter-based marketing communication, applying social capital theory, social identity theory, source credibility, and extant literature on eWoM. Experiment 1 demonstrated the main effect of number of followers on source credibility, and the interaction effect between eWoM valence and number of followers on product involvement, buying intention, and intention to pass along eWoM. Experiment 2 revealed the interaction effect of celebrity type and number of followers on social identification with the celebrity as well as the mediating effect of social identification.

Purpose: The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to establish a baseline of the vowel and consonant identification scores in prelingually and postlingually deaf users of multichannel cochlear implants (CIs) tested with consonant-vowel-consonant and vowel-consonant-vowel nonsense syllables. Method: Six electronic databases were searched for peer-reviewed articles reporting consonant and vowel identification scores in CI users measured by nonsense words. Relevant studies were independently assessed and screened by 2 reviewers. Consonant and vowel identification scores were presented in forest plots and compared between studies in a meta-analysis. Results: Forty-seven articles with 50 studies, including 647 participants, thereof 581 postlingually deaf and 66 prelingually deaf, met the inclusion criteria of this study. The mean performance on vowel identification tasks for the postlingually deaf CI users was 76.8% (N = 5), which was higher than the mean performance for the prelingually deaf CI users (67.7%; N = 1). The mean performance on consonant identification tasks for the postlingually deaf CI users was higher (58.4%; N = 44) than for the prelingually deaf CI users (46.7%; N = 6). The most common consonant confusions were found between those with same manner of articulation (/k/ as /t/, /m/ as /n/, and /p/ as /t/). Conclusions: The mean performance on consonant identification tasks for the prelingually and postlingually deaf CI users was found. There were no statistically significant differences between the scores for prelingually and postlingually deaf CI users. The consonants that were incorrectly identified were typically confused with other consonants with the same acoustic properties, namely, voicing, duration, nasality, and silent gaps. A univariate metaregression model, although not statistically significant, indicated that duration of implant use in postlingually deaf adults predict a substantial portion of their consonant identification ability. As there is no ceiling effect, a nonsense syllable identification test may be a useful addition to the standard test battery in audiology clinics when assessing the speech perception of CI users.

Purpose: Research on the typical and impaired grammatical acquisition of Arabic is limited. This study systematically examined the morphosyntactic abilities of Arabic-speaking children with and without developmental language disorder (DLD) using a novel sentence repetition task. The usefulness of the task as an indicator of DLD in Arabic was determined. Method: A LITMUS (Language Impairment Testing in Multilingual Settings) sentence repetition task was developed in Palestinian Arabic (LITMUS-SR-PA-72) and administered to 30 children with DLD (M = 61.50 months, SD = 11.27) and 60 age-matched typically developing (TD) children (M = 63.85 months, SD = 10.16). The task targeted grammatical structures known to be problematic for Arabic-speaking children with DLD (language specific) and children with DLD across languages (language independent). Responses were scored using binary, error, and structural scoring methods. Results: Children with DLD scored below TD children on the LITMUS-SR-PA-72, in general, and in the repetition of language-specific and language-independent structures. The frequency of morphosyntactic errors was higher in the DLD group relative to the TD group. Despite the large similarity of the type of morphosyntactic errors between the two groups, some atypical errors were exclusively produced by the DLD group. The three scoring methods showed good diagnostic power in the discrimination between children with DLD and children without DLD. Conclusions: Sentence repetition was an area of difficulty for Palestinian Arabic-speaking children with DLD. The DLD group demonstrated difficulties with language-specific and language-independent structures, particularly complex sentences with noncanonical word order. Most grammatical errors made by the DLD group resembled those of the TD group and were mostly omissions or substitutions of grammatical affixes or omissions of function words. SR appears to hold promise as a good indicator for the presence or absence of DLD in Arabic. Further validation of these findings using population-based studies is warranted.

Purpose: We aim to identify the possible sources for age-related differences in the perception of emotion in speech, focusing on the distinct roles of semantics (words) and prosody (tone of speech) and their interaction. Method: We implement the Test for Rating of Emotions in Speech (Ben-David, Multani, Shakuf, Rudzicz, & van Lieshout, 2016). Forty older and 40 younger adults were presented with spoken sentences made of different combinations of 5 emotional categories (anger, fear, happiness, sadness, and neutral) presented in the prosody and semantics. In separate tasks, listeners were asked to attend to the sentence as a whole, integrating both speech channels, or to focus on 1 channel only (prosody/semantics). Their task was to rate how much they agree the sentence is conveying a predefined emotion. Results: (a) Identification of emotions: both age groups identified presented emotions. (b) Failure of selective attention: both age groups were unable to selectively attend to 1 channel when instructed, with slightly larger failures for older adults. (c) Integration of channels: younger adults showed a bias toward prosody, whereas older adults showed a slight bias toward semantics. Conclusions: Three possible sources are suggested for age-related differences: (a) underestimation of the emotional content of speech, (b) slightly larger failures to selectively attend to 1 channel, and (c) different weights assigned to the 2 speech channels.

Purpose This study aims to adopt a mixed-methods approach (accounting and business data) to analyse the effects of the financial institution’s governance on both the knowledge of social responsibility and the consumer’s attitudes and behaviours, and testing the moderating role of the brand identification in the banking sector during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, this concept has been neglected in previous studies. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected from a sample of 600 respondents in two major Tunisian cities. Participants were selected on the basis of a convenience sampling in which the structural equation modelling method was adopted through SMART PLS 3.0 software. Findings The results showed that good corporate governance has a positive influence on the knowledge of the company's social responsibility, which positively influences its brand image. Therefore, the company's brand image positively influences the customer’s satisfaction, which positively influences the recommending behaviour of the financial institutions in the COVID-19 era. However, the brand identification has no moderating effect. Practical implications Managers of financial institutions are advised to pay particular attention to good corporate governance, as it is mandatory for these companies to assume social responsibility and make it known to clients. Therefore, it is obvious to create a good image in the mind of the consumers to satisfy them to recommend the company in question. It is interesting to mobilise the period of health crisis (COVID-19) to create a favourable attitude among the customers because they are sensitive when evaluating and ranking financial institutions according to the relationships that exist especially during this period. Originality/value In fact, there are many studies that dealt with the banking sector. Some of them dealt with the sector through the institutional accounting section while others dealt with the sector through the commercial and marketing section. Therefore, the first contribution of this research is to test a mixed model made up of accounting and commercial data. This model is among the first to determine the effects of the financial institution's governance on the knowledge of social responsibility and on the consumer’s attitude and behaviour to test the moderating role of brand identification in the banking sector. The second contribution is to test this model in a period of health crisis (COVID-19). The third contribution is the use of a mixed sample of data collected from two regions. Then, the fourth contribution is the addition of tests for the verification, robustness and validation of the results obtained. Finally, the fifth contribution is the addition of control variables to test their effects on the research model.

The objective of the article is twofold: first, to employ the knowledge of the recurrence of low-frequency words in authorial texts; and second, to prevent the misuse of this knowledge. Contrary to the prevailing authorship attribution theory and practice (Evert et al. 2017, Juola 2008), our research has revealed that the personal linguistic profile is not primarily composed of frequent words with grammatical functions. Instead, we have identified that a distinct set of full-meaning words defines an individual’s linguistic profile (Faltýnek 2020, Faltýnek – Matlach 2021). An examination of these meanings reveals an individual’s unconscious language habits and, consequently, their personality settings. Such personal profiling is referred to as “deep content” and “deep sentiment analysis”. The innovation in question has the potential to facilitate a novel form of linguistic personalization in digital communication, one that has not been previously observed or utilized. The main aim of this article is to describe the algorithm to conduct single-person linguistic deep content and deep sentiment profiling and personalization. We will describe technical steps to provide such a form of digital communication processing and to facilitate the adjustment of a text targeted at an individual, described as a (Patent No.: US11797753B2, Faltýnek et al. 2023). This algorithm can be used to (a) produce a personal linguistic profile (analogically to psychometrics instruments such as NEO-FFI Big Five, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)), (b) target digital communication to an individual by “translating” a text to their language (i.e. linguistic habits) and stimulate desired feelings to a predetermined content. The algorithm is, however, also designed (c) to be used to avoid procedures (a) and (b) using any kind of digital communication platform by an individual. This algorithm is implemented in the software Cloakspeech (Faltýnek – Benešová – Kučera 2025), which provides personalization of AI-generated texts: AI speaks like a particular person.

Universal screening in elementary schools often includes administering curriculum-based measurement in reading (CBM-R); but in first grade, nonsense word fluency (NWF) and, to a lesser extent, word identification fluency (WIF) are used because of concerns that CBM-R is too difficult for emerging readers. This study used Kane's argument-based approach to validation as a framework to evaluate the interpretations and use of scores resulting from screening 257 first- and second-grade students. First, scores from three word lists (decodable WIF, high-frequency WIF, and whole-word NWF) were examined as indicators of reading achievement. Then, the use of these word list scores was evaluated regarding their ability to classify at-risk readers accurately and as supplements to CBM-R during the winter universal screening period. Participants were also concurrently administered a norm-referenced measure of early reading skills and global reading achievement. Results suggested that the word lists were good indicators of reading achievement and provided support for using CBM-R or a word list in conjunction with CBM-R to discriminate among at-risk readers. Findings have implications for the administration of universal screeners in first and second grade.

Background Latin America (LA) faces heightened vulnerability to modifiable dementia risk factors. Early identification of at‐risk individuals is crucial for implementing effective preventive strategies. The Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test with Immediate Recall (FCSRT‐IR) is promising in early detection of mnemonic impairment, with high sensitivity and specificity for Alzheimer's Disease (AD) risk. While sociodemographic and genetic factors, including APOE ε4 genotype, are associated with elevated dementia risk, their influence on cognitive performance in LA populations remains unclear. We aim to investigate sociodemographic factors and APOE ε4 genotype influence on mnemonic performance in high‐risk LA individuals. Method Cross‐sectional analysis of LatAm‐FINGERS baseline data, a randomized, multicenter trial evaluating non‐pharmacological interventions for cognitive decline prevention in LA. Inclusion criteria: age 60‐77 years; CAIDE ≥ 6; ‐1.5 ≤ z score ≤ 0 on MMSE or CERAD word list. Exclusion criteria: MMSE < 20; dementia; illiteracy. Participants from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Uruguay were included. Memory assessment used FCSRT‐IR and SOMI (Stages of Objective Memory Impairment) classification. APOE genotyping was performed on blood samples using PCR‐RFLP analysis. Jamovi software (v2.3) analyzed correlations and associations (p < 0.05). Result Sample (N = 358 participants): age 67.75 ± 4.86 years; education 13.41 ± 3.14 years; 72.3% female; 61.2% white; 22.3% APOE ε4 carriers. FCSRT‐IR scores correlated significantly with sociodemographics (p < .001) and varied among countries (p < .001). SOMI distribution: 58% SOMI‐0 (preserved memory), 27.6% SOMI‐1/2 (mild impairment). Argentina showed 36% in SOMI‐3/4 (severe impairment); Uruguay 75% in SOMI‐0. No significant sociodemographic differences were found between APOE ε4 carriers/non‐carriers. Non‐carriers performed better on FCSRT‐IR, significant only for identification score (p = .017). No significant APOE ε4‐SOMI association. Conclusion Sociodemographic profile significantly influences memory performance, while APOE ε4 genotype shows limited association. This suggests environmental and social factors may play a more central role in cognitive performance than genetic predisposition in LA populations.