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Diploid origins, adaptation to polyploidy, and the beginning of rediploidization in allotetraploid Arabidopsis suecica
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Diploid origins, adaptation to polyploidy, and the beginning of rediploidization in allotetraploid Arabidopsis suecica
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Diploid origins, adaptation to polyploidy, and the beginning of rediploidization in allotetraploid Arabidopsis suecica
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Paper
Diploid origins, adaptation to polyploidy, and the beginning of rediploidization in allotetraploid Arabidopsis suecica
2024
Overview
Polyploidization or whole-genome duplication (WGD), followed by genome downsizing is a recurring evolutionary cycle with a significant impact on genome structure. Polyploidy originates from a cell cycle error and in species without a dedicated germline, mitotic as well as meiotic errors can be stably inherited. After the origin, polyploids face immediate challenges, particularly the need to adapt meiotic machinery to prevent improper chromosome pairing and segregation, such as multivalent formation. Over evolutionary timescales, surviving polyploids undergo rediploidization, reorganizing their genomes back to a diploid state. This study focuses on the evolution of a young allotetraploid Arabidopsis suecica, a hybrid species derived from A. thaliana and A. arenosa. Our genomic analyses reveal that A. suecica originated from diploid A. arenosa, contrary to earlier suggestions of a tetraploid origin, indicating that WGD in A. suecica likely occurred somatically rather than being inherited via unreduced gametes. Ecological niche modeling traces the geographic origin of A. suecica to the southeastern edge of the European glacier during the last ice age. We explore how A. suecica adapted to allopolyploidy from diploid ancestors and find evidence of positive selection on meiotic cell cycle genes in the A. arenosa sub-genome. Several of these genes overlap with those involved in autopolyploid adaptation in A. arenosa, but have distinct haplotypes. We also show that purifying selection is relaxed in A. suecica, however, functional compensation between homeologous gene pairs persists, with fewer gene pairs than expected having loss-of-function mutations in both copies. This is consistent with early signs of rediploidization just after ~16K years since the origin of A. suecica. Our study covers three key aspects of the evolution of allopolyploid A. suecica: origin, meiotic adaptation, and the beginning of rediploidization.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.
