Journal Article

Investigating dysfunctional cognition change as a putative mechanism of CBT for youth anxiety, OCD and PTSD: protocol for an individual participant data meta-analysis

Klein, Anke, Kendall, Philip C, Mobach, Lynn, Levis, Brooke, Rapee, Ronald M, Buric, Ivana, Storch, Eric A

2025

Overview

IntroductionAnxiety disorders, obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are common in children and adolescents and can lead to significant impairment. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) with exposure is the first-line treatment, yet approximately half of treated youth do not achieve full remission. Dysfunctional cognitions—negative automatic thoughts, maladaptive beliefs and distorted interpretations—are considered key targets of CBT, but evidence in youth is mixed and underpowered. This study will examine whether change in dysfunctional cognitions mediates treatment outcome in anxiety, OCD and PTSD symptoms and whether this association varies across individual characteristics.Methods and analysisAn individual participant data meta-analysis (IPDMA) of randomised controlled trials of CBT for youth aged 5–18 years with anxiety disorders, OCD or PTSD will be conducted. The search strategy includes the databases APA PsycINFO, MEDLINE and Web of Science Core Collection from inception to 8 September 2025. It is supplemented by screening reference lists, trial registries, grey literature and outreach to relevant research groups. Eligible trials must include at least one validated measure of dysfunctional cognitions administered at minimum pre- and post-treatment, and clinical outcomes assessed at post-treatment and follow-up. The two primary outcomes are (1) child-reported symptom severity and (2) clinician-rated clinical severity. Data will be harmonised for dysfunctional cognition scores, moderators (age, gender, socioeconomic status, comorbidity), and primary outcomes. One-stage Bayesian mixed-effects models will examine whether changes in dysfunctional cognitions predict improvements in primary outcomes and whether these effects are moderated by individual characteristics. Missing data will be addressed using multiple imputation within the Bayesian framework, and study-level heterogeneity will be modelled using random intercepts and slopes.Ethics and disseminationAll datasets will be de-identified and managed under General Data Protection Regulation standards. Each included trial will have ethical approval permitting data sharing and reuse, and the secondary analysis of the shared datasets has been approved by the University of Amsterdam. Findings will be disseminated via a peer-reviewed publication, scientific conferences and open sharing of analysis scripts and harmonisation procedures.PROSPERO registration numberCRD420251139130.

• Publisher: British Medical Journal Publishing Group,BMJ Publishing Group LTD,BMJ Publishing Group
• Subject: Adolescent / Anxiety Disorders - psychology / Anxiety Disorders - therapy / Child / Child & adolescent psychiatry / Child, Preschool / Cognition / Cognition & reasoning / Cognitive behavioral therapy / Cognitive Behavioral Therapy - methods / Cognitive dysfunction / Comorbidity / Humans / Mental health / Meta-Analysis / Meta-Analysis as Topic / Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder - psychology / Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder - therapy / Post traumatic stress disorder / Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Research Design / Socioeconomic factors / Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic - psychology / Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic - therapy / Treatment Outcome