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Worldwide and time trends in sodium and potassium intakes in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis
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Worldwide and time trends in sodium and potassium intakes in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis
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Journal Article
Worldwide and time trends in sodium and potassium intakes in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis
2025
Overview
BackgroundHigh sodium (Na) and low potassium (K) intakes in childhood have health effects across the life course. The objective was to estimate global, regional and national Na and K intakes in children since 1990.MethodsA systematic search of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies measuring Na or K intake in children aged 0–18 years of age since 1990 was conducted. Random effects multilevel meta-analyses and meta-regressions were performed to investigate age and time trends, country and regional differences, and to derive a worldwide average intake.ResultsA total of 259 studies with 520 630 children aged 0–18 years of age (mean 9.7 years) conducted between 1990 and 2021 in 79 different countries (mostly high-income countries) were included. The pooled Na and K intakes were 2.5 g/d (95% CI 2.4, 2.6) and 2.0 g/d (95% CI 1.9, 2.1), respectively. An estimated 73% of children had high Na intake (≥2 g/d/2000 kcal) and 89% had low K intake (<3.5 g/d/2000 kcal). Na intake was the lowest in Sub-Saharan Africa and the highest in North Africa and the Middle East. K intake was the lowest in South Asia and the highest in Central-Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Na and K intakes tended to decrease slightly linearly between 1990 and 2021 and increased logarithmically with age.ConclusionGlobally, children’s Na intake was too high, while K intake was too low. Data were lacking in many countries. Interventions are needed to reduce Na and increase K from childhood, and monitoring should be improved.
Publisher
BMJ Publishing Group Ltd,BMJ Publishing Group LTD,BMJ Publishing Group
Subject
