Journal Article

SUN-219 Human Congenital Arhinia Is Associated with GnRH Deficiency and Primary Testicular Defects

Kaindl, Angela, Dwyer, Andrew, Noukelak, Germaine, Hall, Janet, Law, Jennifer, Crowley, William, Brooks, Brian, Lin, Angela, steindl, Katharina, Balasubramanian, Ravikumar, Prasad, Rameshwar, Chie-Hee, Cho, Henkind, Jennifer, Russell, Bianca, Anita, Rauch, Bart, Loeys, Seminara, Stephanie, Almpani, Nadine, Shaw, Natalie, Clements, Scott, Reigstad, Hallvard Martin, Volochayev, Rita, DiOrio, Nicole, Mondal, Uttam, Williamson, Kathleen, Graham, John, Chalmers, Laura, Jacobsen, Christina, Garcia-Ortiz, Jose, Meader, Brooke, Plummer, Lacey, Delaney, Angela, Buitrago, Tatiana Pineda, Salnikov, Kathryn, Silva, Orlando Perez, Lee, Janice

2019

Overview

Congenital arhinia (absent external nose) is an extremely rare mendelian disorder (<100 case reports in the past century) caused by heterozygous missense mutations in the gene SMCHD1. Arhinia is frequently accompanied by ocular and reproductive defects, a clinical triad which defines the Bosma arhinia microphthalmia syndrome (BAMS). The etiology and spectrum of reproductive defects in BAMS is unknown. We studied eleven subjects with arhinia or nasal hypoplasia (aged 18-53 yrs; 5 males) to assess endogenous luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion (n=11), a validated marker of GnRH, responsiveness to pulsatile GnRH (n=2), and non-reproductive phenotypes (n=11). Clinical data abstracted from questionnaires were analyzed in 33 additional international patients. Nearly every male demonstrated clinical and biochemical signs of severe congenital GnRH deficiency (CGD) including a history of microphallus and/or cryptorchidism, testicular volumes < 3 ml, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH), low inhibin B levels, and apulsatile LH profiles; two young boys (studied from afar) had normal genitals but an absent mini-puberty of infancy was confirmed biochemically in one case. Pulsatile GnRH administered to one adult male and hCG to two others also revealed testicular resistance. Several females reported spontaneous breast bud development, but all had primary amenorrhea, small ovaries on pelvic ultrasound, HH, and apulsatile LH profiles. Pulsatile GnRH administered to one female induced ovulation on treatment day 21. Two females (studied from afar) reported normal thelarche and menstrual cycles. The 11 subjects studied in detail were completely anosmic with absent internal olfactory structures on brain MRI but normal hypothalamic-pituitary anatomy. Subjects with arhinia demonstrated some, but not all, non-reproductive phenotypes characteristic of Kallmann syndrome (KS) and/or CHARGE syndrome including dental agenesis (56%) and congenital mirror movements (CMMs; 50%); none had renal agenesis, severe congenital heart defects, or deafness. This study demonstrates for the first time that the hypogonadotropism observed in BAMS is indeed secondary to GnRH deficiency. In contrast to the male predominance (3-5:1) in KS, there is no sex bias in the incidence of BAMS. However, females may demonstrate partial or complete pubertal development whereas males are severely affected with some showing both hypothalamic and testicular defects. The combination of defects in the nasal skeleton, olfactory structures, and GnRH ontogeny point to aberrant development of the nasal placode in BAMS, yet the high prevalence of CMMs, a sign of misrouted commissural axons, suggests insults may occur even earlier in neurogenesis, at the neural plate border.

• Publisher: Endocrine Society
• Subject: Reproductive Endocrinology