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Olhares sociológicos sobre a ciência no século vinte: mudanças e continuidades
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Olhares sociológicos sobre a ciência no século vinte: mudanças e continuidades
Olhares sociológicos sobre a ciência no século vinte: mudanças e continuidades
Journal Article

Olhares sociológicos sobre a ciência no século vinte: mudanças e continuidades

2011
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Overview
O artigo examina, em dois momentos distintos, as principais abordagens sociológicas sobre a ciência no século vinte: a Sociologia do Conhecimento, a Sociologia da Ciência e a Sociologia do Conhecimento Científico. No primeiro tópico são recapitulados os argumentos sociológicos de Karl Mannheim e de Robert King Merton. Defende-se a interpretação de que a obra de Mannheim seja reconhecida enquanto pressuposto epistemológico para o desenvolvimento da Sociologia da Ciência de Merton. Adaptada por Merton, a metateoria sociológica de Mannheim surge através de uma abordagem estrutural funcionalista associada a uma teoria de médio alcance. No segundo momento, são retomados os argumentos de Thomas Kuhn para, logo após, ser analisada a Sociologia do Conhecimento Científico enquanto apreciação construtiva da tradição de pensamento mertoniana. O estudo dos princípios lógicos da Sociologia do Conhecimento Científico de David Bloor e a investigação acerca da tradição de pensamento iniciada na Universidade de Edimburgo, na Escócia, foram o foco elementar dessa etapa do artigo. Finalmente, as principais características de cada uma das tradições são ressaltadas, buscando-se por mudanças e continuidades que viabilizaram o desenvolvimento da abordagem sociológica sobre a atividade científica desde sua gênese clássica até os estudos contemporâneos. The article examines, in two different moments, the major sociological approaches to science in the twentieth century: the Sociology of Knowledge, the Sociology of Science and the Sociology of Scientific Knowledge. In the first topic, Karl Mannheim's and Robert King Merton's sociological arguments are summarized. We support that the interpretation of Mannheim's work must be recognized as an epistemological prerequisite to the development of Merton's Sociology of Science. Adapted by Merton, Mannheim's sociological metatheory appears in Merton through a functional structuralism approach, associated with a middle range theory. In the second moment, we summarize Thomas Kuhn's arguments for, subsequently, examining the Sociology of Scientific Knowledge as a constructive appreciation to mertonian tradition of thought. The study of the logic principles of David Bloor's Sociology of Scientific Knowledge as well as the investigation of the tradition of thought started in University of Edinburgh, Scotland, was the elementary focus of this topic. Finally, the major characteristics of each tradition are elucidated, searching for changes and continuities that enable the development of the sociological approach on scientific activity since its classical genesis until the contemporary studies.

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