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Canadian Judges and Investment Treaty Arbitration: A Critical Analysis of Set-Aside Proceedings
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Canadian Judges and Investment Treaty Arbitration: A Critical Analysis of Set-Aside Proceedings
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Canadian Judges and Investment Treaty Arbitration: A Critical Analysis of Set-Aside Proceedings
Canadian Judges and Investment Treaty Arbitration: A Critical Analysis of Set-Aside Proceedings
Journal Article

Canadian Judges and Investment Treaty Arbitration: A Critical Analysis of Set-Aside Proceedings

2026
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Overview
Canada is widely regarded as a pro-arbitration jurisdiction. Yet the role of domestic judges in investor-state dispute settlement remains significant, particularly in arbitrations that do not take place at the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID). Unlike ICSID, which provides a self-contained system for enforcement and annulment, investment treaty arbitration conducted under other arbitration rules are subject to judicial oversight. This article examines how Canadian judges have approached set-aside proceedings in non-ICSID cases, with a particular focus on the standard of review applied under Article 34 of the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration. The article contends that Canadian judges play a pivotal role in shaping the interface between international investment law and domestic legal principles. In this context, this article argues that the degree of deference shown by Canadian judges to investment arbitral awards should be understood not as judicial restraint per se but, rather, as respect for the distinct legal order constituted by investment treaty arbitration and the UNCITRAL Model Law — a legal order that is international in nature and grounded in a shared global understanding of review standards. Through an analysis of key judicial decisions reviewing investment awards — specifically, the North American Free Trade Agreement Chapter 11 awards, this study explores the extent to which Canadian judges have embraced an internationalist perspective. The article concludes that, while Canadian judges claim to be pro-arbitration, this does not necessarily equate to deference towards investment arbitral awards. Le Canada est reconnu comme une juridiction favorable à l’arbitrage. Pourtant, les juges canadiens jouent un rôle déterminant dans le règlement des différends entre investisseurs et États, surtout dans les procédures d’arbitrage non régies par le Centre international pour le règlement des différends relatifs aux investissements (CIRDI). Contrairement au CIRDI, qui prévoit un système autonome d’exécution et d’annulation, les procédures d’arbitrage fondées sur les traités d’investissement relevant d’autres règles demeurent soumises au contrôle judiciaire des juges nationaux. Cet article analyse la manière dont les juges canadiens abordent les recours en annulation dans les affaires non-CIRDI, en particulier la norme de contrôle appliquée en vertu de l’article 34 de la Loi type de la CNUDCI sur l’arbitrage commercial international. Il soutient que le degré de déférence manifesté par les juges à l’égard des sentences arbitrales d’investissement doit être compris non comme une simple retenue judiciaire, mais comme l’expression d’un respect envers l’ordre juridique distinct constitué par l’arbitrage fondé sur les traités et la Loi type — un ordre de nature internationale, fondé sur une compréhension commune des standards de révision. À travers l’étude de décisions clés sous le chapitre 11 de l’ Accord de libre-échange nord-américain , l’article explore la mesure dans laquelle les juges canadiens adoptent une perspective internationaliste.

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