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L'Arctique face au changement climatique
L'Arctique face au changement climatique
Journal Article

L'Arctique face au changement climatique

2007
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Overview
L’Arctique est une région-clé pour l’observation et la compréhension des variations climatiques du passé et du futur. Durant le XXe siècle, les données météorologiques montrent un réchauffement plus important que la moyenne du globe, mais ce réchauffement n’a été ni continu dans le temps, ni homogène dans l’espace. On a observé en particulier, après une forte hausse des températures au début du XXe siècle, une tendance à la baisse à partir des années 40, qui s’est poursuivie plus ou moins tardivement selon les secteurs, et une opposition fréquente entre différents secteurs, en particulier celui de l’Arctique européen d’une part, et celui du Groenland occidental et de l’Arctique canadien oriental d’autre part. Un réchauffement très marqué a débuté, selon les secteurs, dans les années 70 à 90 ; il se traduit en particulier par une réduction sensible de la superficie et de l’épaisseur de la banquise permanente dans les années récentes. Ce réchauffement récent est associé d’importants changements des indices de l’Oscillation Nord-Atlantique et de l’Oscillation Arctique, qui sont les régimes dominants de la variabilité climatique de l’Arctique. Les modèles climatiques prévoient tous la poursuite du réchauffement dans les décennies à venir, mais semblent impuissants à représenter d’éventuelles différences régionales entre les secteurs de l’Arctique ainsi que la variabilité associée aux mécanismes de l’ONA et de l’OA. Il y a là un obstacle à une prévision précise des impacts du changement climatique sur les milieux naturels et les activités humaines dans l’Arctique. Facing climatic change in the Arctic The Arctic is a key area for observing and understanding past and future climatic change. During the 20th century, meteorological data demonstrate a more important warming than the global average, but this warming has been neither continuous in time nor homogeneous in space. After a strong surge in the beginning of the 20th century, a trend in decreasing temperatures has been observed from the 40’s, which ended more or less rapidly according to the different sectors ; opposite in tendencies have been observed among different sectors, particularly between the European Arctic sector and the West Greenland and Eastern Canadian Arctic’s. A strong warming has begun in the 70’s to the 90’s in the different sectors, it has provoked a noticeable decrease in size and thickness of the ice-sheet in the most recent years. This warming is also related to very important changes in indices of the North-Atlantic Oscillation and Arctic Oscillation, the most prevailing modes of climatic variability in the Arctic area. All climate models foresee a continuation of this warming during the next decades, but seem to fail in simulating the regional differences between the different Arctic sectors, and the variability related to the NAO and AO processes as well. This hinders from a precise anticipation of climate change impacts on natural environments and on human activities in the Arctic.
Publisher
Armand Colin
ISBN
9782200923129, 2200923120