Journal Article

Sinus Bradycardia and Long QT Syndrome: Double Heterozygosity for Variants in KCNH2 and HCN4

Lodder, Elisabeth M., Najih, Oussama, Amin, Ahmad S., Beekman, Leander, Andrzejczyk, Karolina, Tuijnenburg, Fenna, van der Crabben, Saskia N., Postma, Alex V., Verkerk, Arie O., Pham, Caroline, Copier, Jaël S.

2025

Overview

Introduction: Clinical variability within families harbouring disease-causing genetic variants hampers clinical care and risk stratification. We studied a multigenerational family presenting with sinus bradycardia and long QT syndrome type 2 (LQTS2). The family harboured a pathogenic variant in KCNH2, which co-segregated with the observed LQTS2. We studied the genetic cause of the high occurrence of sinus bradycardia in this family. Methods: Clinical data was collected, including heart rate, QT-interval, symptoms, and echocardiographic parameters. QTc was calculated using the Bazett and the Fridericia formula. Sanger sequencing of HCN4 was performed, followed by segregation analysis of the identified variant with sinus bradycardia. The biophysiological consequences of two variants, KCNH2-p.L69P (c.206T>C) and HCN4-p.R666W (c.1996C>T), were assessed by patch-clamp experiments. Therefore, a heterologous model was generated by transfection of HEK293A or CHO-k1 cells, respectively. Results: Sanger sequencing of HCN4 identified HCN4-p.R666W (c.1996C>T), which has a stronger segregation with the observed sinus bradycardia than KCNH2-p.L69P. Patch-clamp experiments revealed that KCNH2-p.L69P and HCN4-p.R666W lead to a decrease in the corresponding current densities, which explains the LQTS and sinus bradycardia observed in the patients. Carriers of both genetic variants have a more severe LQTS2 phenotype, reflected in longer QT and higher incidence of syncope. Conclusions: We identified two (likely) pathogenic variants, KCNH2-p.L69P and HCN4-p.R666W, co-segregating with LQTS2 and sinus bradycardia, respectively. Patients carrying both variants showed a more severe phenotype. These findings highlight the importance of additional genetic testing when discordant features are present, thereby enabling more accurate diagnosis, risk prediction, and management.

• Publisher: MDPI AG
• Subject: bradycardia / Cardiac arrhythmia / Electrocardiography / Genetic testing / Genotype & phenotype / HCN4 / Heart rate / KCNH2 / Long QT syndrome / Mutagenesis / Pacemakers / Patients / Sinuses