Journal Article

Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles and Their Potential as Novel Immunomodulatory Therapeutic Agents

Ferrer-Tur, Rita, Giebel, Bernd, Stambouli, Oumaima, Börger, Verena, Bremer, Michel, Becic, Amina, Gockeln, Lena

2017

Overview

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), such as exosomes and microvesicles, have been identified as mediators of a newly-discovered intercellular communication system. They are essential signaling mediators in various physiological and pathophysiological processes. Depending on their origin, they fulfill different functions. EVs of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) have been found to promote comparable therapeutic activities as MSCs themselves. In a variety of in vivo models, it has been observed that they suppress pro-inflammatory processes and reduce oxidative stress and fibrosis. By switching pro-inflammatory into tolerogenic immune responses, MSC-EVs very likely promote tissue regeneration by creating a pro-regenerative environment allowing endogenous stem and progenitor cells to successfully repair affected tissues. Accordingly, MSC-EVs provide a novel, very promising therapeutic agent, which has already been successfully applied to humans. However, the MSC-EV production process has not been standardized, yet. Indeed, a collection of different protocols has been used for the MSC-EV production, characterization and application. By focusing on kidney, heart, liver and brain injuries, we have reviewed the major outcomes of published MSC-EV in vivo studies.

• Publisher: MDPI
• Subject: Animals / Extracellular Vesicles - immunology / Extracellular Vesicles - transplantation / Humans / Immunologic Factors - immunology / Immunologic Factors - therapeutic use / Immunotherapy - methods / Mesenchymal Stromal Cells - cytology / Mesenchymal Stromal Cells - immunology / Review