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Efficiency of short-lived halogens at influencing climate through depletion of stratospheric ozone
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Efficiency of short-lived halogens at influencing climate through depletion of stratospheric ozone
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Journal Article
Efficiency of short-lived halogens at influencing climate through depletion of stratospheric ozone
2015
Overview
Short-lived halogens are produced naturally and anthropogenically, and are not governed by the Montreal Protocol. Like halocarbons, short-lived halogens destroy lower-stratospheric ozone, resulting in a net cooling effect since pre-industrial times.
Halogens released from long-lived anthropogenic substances, such as chlorofluorocarbons, are the principal cause of recent depletion of stratospheric ozone, a greenhouse gas
1
,
2
,
3
. Recent observations show that very short-lived substances, with lifetimes generally under six months, are also an important source of stratospheric halogens
4
,
5
. Short-lived bromine substances are produced naturally by seaweed and phytoplankton, whereas short-lived chlorine substances are primarily anthropogenic. Here we used a chemical transport model to quantify the depletion of ozone in the lower stratosphere from short-lived halogen substances, and a radiative transfer model to quantify the radiative effects of that ozone depletion. According to our simulations, ozone loss from short-lived substances had a radiative effect nearly half that from long-lived halocarbons in 2011 and, since pre-industrial times, has contributed a total of about −0.02 W m
−2
to global radiative forcing. We find natural short-lived bromine substances exert a 3.6 times larger ozone radiative effect than long-lived halocarbons, normalized by halogen content, and show atmospheric levels of dichloromethane, a short-lived chlorine substance not controlled by the Montreal Protocol, are rapidly increasing. We conclude that potential further significant increases in the atmospheric abundance of short-lived halogen substances, through changing natural processes
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,
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,
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or continued anthropogenic emissions
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, could be important for future climate.
