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Crystal Organisation of Muscle Attachment Sites of Bivalved Marine Organisms: A Juxtaposition Between Brachiopod and Bivalved Mollusc Shells
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Crystal Organisation of Muscle Attachment Sites of Bivalved Marine Organisms: A Juxtaposition Between Brachiopod and Bivalved Mollusc Shells
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Crystal Organisation of Muscle Attachment Sites of Bivalved Marine Organisms: A Juxtaposition Between Brachiopod and Bivalved Mollusc Shells
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Journal Article
Crystal Organisation of Muscle Attachment Sites of Bivalved Marine Organisms: A Juxtaposition Between Brachiopod and Bivalved Mollusc Shells
2025
Overview
The movement of valves of bivalved invertebrates is enabled through the action of muscles and the interplay between the muscles and the hinge ligament. The muscles that move the valves attach to their internal surface. To promote the structural integrity at the mechanically mismatched interfaces, a specific crystal microstructure and texture are present at the muscle attachment sites. These are different from the crystal microstructure and texture of the rest of the valves. We present here for modern two- and three-layered brachiopod shells (Magellania venosa, Liothyrella neozelanica and Gryphus vitreus) the mode of crystal organisation at sites of adductor and diductor muscle attachments (i) relative to the microstructure and texture that forms the other sections of the valves and (ii) relative to crystal organisation of muscle attachment sites of bivalved invertebrates of other phyla, namely, species of the class Bivalvia. We discuss similarities/differences in Ca-carbonate phase, microstructure and texture between rhynchonellate brachiopods and bivalves, and discuss whether the Ca-carbonate crystal organisation of muscle attachment sites is convergent for bivalved marine organisms. We show significant differences in muscle attachment site architecture and highlight the different structural solutions developed by nature for shells of marine organisms that serve the same purpose.
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