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Spatiotemporal Variations in Compound Extreme Events and Their Cumulative and Lagged Effects on Vegetation in the Northern Permafrost Regions from 1982 to 2022
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Spatiotemporal Variations in Compound Extreme Events and Their Cumulative and Lagged Effects on Vegetation in the Northern Permafrost Regions from 1982 to 2022
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Spatiotemporal Variations in Compound Extreme Events and Their Cumulative and Lagged Effects on Vegetation in the Northern Permafrost Regions from 1982 to 2022
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Journal Article
Spatiotemporal Variations in Compound Extreme Events and Their Cumulative and Lagged Effects on Vegetation in the Northern Permafrost Regions from 1982 to 2022
2025
Overview
The northern permafrost regions are increasingly experiencing frequent and intense extreme events, with a rise in the occurrence of compound extreme events. Many climate-related hazards in these areas are driven by such compound events, significantly affecting the stability and functionality of vegetation ecosystems. However, the cumulative and lagged effects of compound extreme events on vegetation remain unclear, which may lead to an underestimation of their actual impacts. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the spatiotemporal variations in compound extreme events and the vegetation response to these events in the northern permafrost regions from 1982 to 2022. The primary focus of this study is on examining the cumulative and lagged effects of compound extreme climate events on the Kernel Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (kNDVI) during the growing seasons. The results indicate that in high-latitude regions, the frequency of extreme high temperature–precipitation compound events and high temperature–drought compound events have increased in 58.0% and 67.0% of the areas, respectively. Conversely, the frequency of extreme low temperature–drought compound events and extreme low temperature–precipitation compound events has decreased in 70.6% and 57.2% of the areas, with the high temperature–drought compound events showing the fastest increase. The temporal effects of compound extreme events on kNDVI vary with vegetation type; they produce more cumulative and lagged effects compared with single extreme high-temperature events and fewer effects compared with single extreme precipitation events, with compound events significantly affecting forest and grassland ecosystems. Notably, extreme high temperature–precipitation compound events exhibit the strongest cumulative and lagged effects on vegetation, while extreme low temperature–drought compound events influence wetland and shrubland areas within the same month. This study underscores the importance of a multivariable perspective in understanding vegetation dynamics in permafrost regions.
