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Global Climatology of the Daytime Surface Cooling of Urban Parks Using Satellite Observations
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Global Climatology of the Daytime Surface Cooling of Urban Parks Using Satellite Observations
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Journal Article
Global Climatology of the Daytime Surface Cooling of Urban Parks Using Satellite Observations
2025
Overview
Green infrastructure‐based heat mitigation strategies can help alleviate the overheating burden on urban residents. While the cooling effect of parks has been explored in individual satellite‐based studies, a global, multi‐year investigation has been lacking. This study provides a comprehensive global assessment of the daytime surface park cool island (SPCI) climatology, using land surface temperatures from 2,083 systematically selected parks worldwide (2013–2022). Through detailed park selection and data stratification, the key drivers influencing the observed SPCI intensity are isolated. The analysis reveals that cooling is strongly linked to park type, with well‐treed parks being, on average, 3.4°C, cooler than the surrounding urban area during summer. It is further investigated how SPCI is influenced by seasonal variations, droughts, and urban morphology across diverse background climates. These findings, along with the developed global SPCI data set, offer critical insights for designing climate‐resilient green spaces. Plain Language Summary Green infrastructure can help address the heat‐related challenges faced by urban populations. In this paper, we examine the ability of urban parks to provide cooling to the warmer adjacent built‐up environment. To achieve this, we analyzed land surface temperatures across more than 2,000 parks worldwide, and found that parks act as localized cool spots, with an average daytime temperature difference of 1.5°C compared to their surroundings. Our results also reveal that different park types have greatly varying cooling potential. For instance, parks with a high density of trees can be over 4°C cooler than nearby urban areas, while parks with low vegetation provide less daytime cooling. Additionally, we investigate how broader climatic conditions, drought events, and urban characteristics influence the cooling intensity of parks, aiming to better understand how parks can help mitigate urban overheating under different scenarios. Key Points The global average daytime surface park cool island intensity is 1.5°C based on satellite data from 2,083 parks for the period 2013–2022 Park cooling varies widely, controlled by park characteristics, background climate, weather conditions, and the surrounding urban form Forested parks exhibit the strongest daytime cooling effect and are most resilient to drought conditions
