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Evidence of Unusually Strong Equatorial Ionization Anomaly at Three Local Time Sectors During the Mother's Day Geomagnetic Storm On 10–11 May 2024
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Evidence of Unusually Strong Equatorial Ionization Anomaly at Three Local Time Sectors During the Mother's Day Geomagnetic Storm On 10–11 May 2024
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Evidence of Unusually Strong Equatorial Ionization Anomaly at Three Local Time Sectors During the Mother's Day Geomagnetic Storm On 10–11 May 2024
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Journal Article
Evidence of Unusually Strong Equatorial Ionization Anomaly at Three Local Time Sectors During the Mother's Day Geomagnetic Storm On 10–11 May 2024
2025
Overview
This study uses multiple ground and satellite‐based measurements to investigate the extreme ionospheric response to the Mother's Day storm on May 10–11, 2024. Prompt penetration electric field caused a significant enhancement in the ionospheric vertical drift (∼${\\sim} $95 m/s) and the equatorial electrojet strength (∼${\\sim} $ 275 nT) over Jicamarca. These extreme eastward electric field perturbations, along with the large meridional wind, significantly altered the F‐region plasma fountain at different local times. The afternoon equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) not only sustained for an exceptionally long duration (∼${\\sim} $12 hr) but also expanded spatially over time. The separation between the two peaks of EIA crests exceeded ∼48°${\\sim} 48{}^{\\circ}$and ∼70°${\\sim} 70{}^{\\circ}$in the morning and evening sectors, respectively. This study shows, for the first time, that unusually strong EIA can not only develop at different local times but can also sustain for long duration under favorable conditions, which has implications for space weather applications. Plain Language Summary The Earth's upper atmosphere is significantly influenced by space weather events, particularly geomagnetic storms. In this study, we investigate the impact of an intense geomagnetic storm that occurred on 10–11 May 2024 (popularly known as Mother's Day storm) on the equatorial and low‐latitude ionosphere. Using datasets from various ground and satellites‐based (SWARM, and GOLD satellites, Global GNSS receivers, Incoherent Scatter Radar (ISR), Fabry‐ Perot interferometers (FPI), and magnetometer) measurements, we show the impact of extreme prompt penetration of electric field on the development of plasma fountain during the storm. We observe a significant increase in electron density and TEC during the main phase of the storm. Our findings highlight the role of extreme space weather disturbances on the generation of EIA at different local times and the impact of the plasma distribution on the globe. We also observe different types of electric field perturbations on low latitude ionosphere during this severe geomagnetic storm. Key Points The plasma fountain during the Mother's Day storm was unusually strong across different local time sectors The combined effects of a strong penetration electric field and meridional wind sustained the plasma fountains for an extended period The EIA crest over the Jicamarca sector merged with the expanded auroral region
Publisher
John Wiley & Sons, Inc,Wiley
