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Lipopolysaccharide modification in Gram-negative bacteria during chronic infection
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Journal Article
Lipopolysaccharide modification in Gram-negative bacteria during chronic infection
2016
Overview
The Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a major component of the outer membrane that plays a key role in host–pathogen interactions with the innate immune system. During infection, bacteria are exposed to a host environment that is typically dominated by inflammatory cells and soluble factors, including antibiotics, which provide cues about regulation of gene expression. Bacterial adaptive changes including modulation of LPS synthesis and structure are a conserved theme in infections, irrespective of the type or bacteria or the site of infection. In general, these changes result in immune system evasion, persisting inflammation and increased antimicrobial resistance. Here, we review the modifications of LPS structure and biosynthetic pathways that occur upon adaptation of model opportunistic pathogens (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Burkholderia cepacia complex bacteria, Helicobacter pylori and Salmonella enterica) to chronic infection in respiratory and gastrointestinal sites. We also discuss the molecular mechanisms of these variations and their role in the host–pathogen interaction.
The authors review modifications of lipopolysaccharide structure and biosynthetic pathways that occur upon bacterial adaptation to chronic respiratory and gastrointestinal infections.
Graphical Abstract Figure.
The authors review modifications of lipopolysaccharide structure and biosynthetic pathways that occur upon bacterial adaptation to chronic respiratory and gastrointestinal infections.
Publisher
Oxford University Press
Subject
/ Gastrointestinal Diseases - immunology
/ Gastrointestinal Diseases - microbiology
/ Gram-Negative Bacteria - physiology
/ Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections - immunology
/ Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections - metabolism
/ Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections - microbiology
/ Host-Pathogen Interactions - immunology
/ Humans
/ Lipopolysaccharides - biosynthesis
/ Lipopolysaccharides - chemistry
/ Lipopolysaccharides - immunology
/ Lipopolysaccharides - metabolism
/ Respiratory Tract Infections - immunology
/ Respiratory Tract Infections - microbiology
/ Review
