Journal Article

Metabolic Reprogramming of Urothelial Carcinoma—A Theragnostic Target for Betulinic Acid

Kimura, Shingo, Beckel, Jonathan M., Halder, Aratrika, Ganguly, Anirban, Daugherty, Stephanie, Banerjee, Rajkumar, Tyagi, Pradeep, Healy, Keara

2025

Overview

A pivotal role of metabolic reprogramming in urothelial carcinoma is hallmarked by the dependence of two-fold faster proliferation of urothelial carcinoma cell line T24 than benign cell line TRT-HU1 on five-fold higher glucose (basal) 16 mM vs. 3 mM in McCoy’s 5A media and Keratinocyte Serum Free media, respectively. Here, we report that an additional 10% increase to 17.6 mM and 3.3 mM glucose significantly shortens the doubling time by 3 h and 1 h for T24 and TRT-HUI, respectively. T24 grown at 17.6 mM glucose lowers the confocal localization of the fatty acid mimetic, Betulinic Acid (BA) conjugated to FITC (BA-FITC) with Mito Tracker Red (mitochondrial marker), which doubles the IC50 of BA and BA-FITC by lowering cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase from 54.2% to 43.8% and caspase-3/7 mediated apoptosis and by reversing caspase-3, p53, PTEN, GAPDH, and XIAP gene expression induced by BA in T24 grown at basal glucose (16 mM). Besides slowing the glycogen and pH decline of T24 at basal glucose, BA exhibited an eight-fold higher IC50 than Mitomycin C (MC) on TRT-HU1 by not mimicking the glucose-insensitive cycle arrest and apoptosis of MC. Overall, the glucose sensitivity of the lower IC50 of BA-FITC and BA on T24 vs. TRT-HU1 supports the safety of BA conjugates for theragnostic purposes.

• Publisher: MDPI AG,MDPI
• Subject: Apoptosis / Apoptosis - drug effects / BCG / BCG vaccines / Betulinic Acid / Bladder cancer / Cancer / Carcinoma / Cell cycle / Cell Line, Tumor / Cell Proliferation - drug effects / Cytotoxicity / Dextrose / Diabetes / Fatty acids / Gene expression / Genes / Glucose / Glucose - metabolism / Glucose - pharmacology / Glycogen / Humans / Hyperglycemia / Metabolic Reprogramming / Metabolism / Metabolites / Mitomycin / Pentacyclic Triterpenes / Triterpenes - pharmacology / Tumor proteins / Tumors / Urinary Bladder Neoplasms - drug therapy / Urinary Bladder Neoplasms - metabolism / Urinary Bladder Neoplasms - pathology / Urine / Urothelium - drug effects / Urothelium - metabolism / Urothelium - pathology