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On the evolution of microglia
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Journal Article
On the evolution of microglia
2025
Overview
Over the last three decades, microglia have been recognized as essential components of central nervous system (CNS) development, homeostasis, immune surveillance, and neurodegenerative pathogenesis. Historically, microglia were regarded as exclusive to the CNS, based on the absence of cells bearing microglial morphology, transcriptional identity, and ontogeny in tissues outside the CNS in standard mouse and rat models. However, recent studies, including those from our group, have identified cells in peripheral tissues of humans and other vertebrates that share the transcriptomic signature and yolk sac-derived ontogeny characteristic of CNS microglia. These findings suggest that the microglial lineage represents a broader spectrum of tissue-resident macrophages with specialized roles across organs. Microglia constitute one of the most evolutionarily ancient macrophage subtypes, with IBA1-positive cells already identifiable in the brain of the annelid Hirudo medicinalis. Wu et al's recent identification of microglial cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) provides compelling evidence supporting the notion that homologous cell types may evolve independently in distinct anatomical niches. In evolutionary biology, homology denotes descent from a common ancestor, irrespective of phenotypic similarity. Conventionally, cell type homology within and between species has primarily been inferred from shared anatomical location, phenotype, or function.
