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A systematic review of motivational values and conservation success in and around protected areas
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A systematic review of motivational values and conservation success in and around protected areas
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A systematic review of motivational values and conservation success in and around protected areas
A systematic review of motivational values and conservation success in and around protected areas
Journal Article

A systematic review of motivational values and conservation success in and around protected areas

2017
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Overview
In conservation projects in and around protected areas (PAs), a suite of policy instruments are used to promote conservation behavior in local people. Few studies have related psychological research on motivational values to conservation in PAs. We conducted a systematic review of 120 peer-reviewed articles to assess the relative frequencies of policy instruments that aimed to foster intrinsic versus extrinsic motivations to conserve. We examined how the type of motivation engendered by the instrument (i.e., intrinsic or extrinsic motivation and based on the description of how the project was designed and implemented) influenced the ecological, economic, and social success of the project. We assessed the success of the project in only the case studies that included a quantitative or qualitative analysis of success. Projects designed to foster at least one intrinsically motivating instrument were 3 times more likely to meet socioeconomic or ecological goals. Although certain types of instruments such as payments or fines tended to be based on extrinsic motivators more often than education or monitoring programs, several successful projects involving payments or fines were linked to intrinsic motivation in the local community. Thus, our results suggest that rather than debating the relative merits of specific types of policy instruments, conservationists may have more success by focusing on how different motivators, suited to specific contexts, can better empower local communities to conserve. Broadly, our results suggest the current emphasis on social justice and well-being of local communities is a positive step toward protecting the world's remaining biodiversity. En los proyectos de conservación en y alrededor de las áreas protegidas (APs), un conjunto de instrumentos políticos es usado para promover el comportamiento de conservación entre la gente local. Pocos estudios han relacionado a la investigación psicológica sobre los valores motivacionales con la conservación en las APs. Realizamos una revisión sistemática de 120 artículos revisados por colegas para valorar las frecuencias relativas de los instrumentos políticos que buscaban fomentar las motivaciones intrínsecas para conservar contra las extrínsecas. Examinamos cómo los tipos de motivación generados por el instrumento (es decir, la motivación intrínseca o extrínseca y basado en la descripción de cómo el proyecto fue diseñado e implementado) influyeron sobre el éxito ecológico, económico y social del proyecto. Valoramos el éxito del proyecto sólo en los estudios de caso que incluyeron un análisis cualitativo o cuantitativo del éxito. Los proyectos diseñados para promover por lo menos un instrumento de motivación intrínseca tuvieron tres veces más probabilidad de alcanzar los objetivos ecológicos o socio-económicos. Aunque ciertos tipos de instrumentos, como los pagos o las multas, tuvieron la tendencia de estar basados en motivadores extrínsecos más veces que la educación o los programas de monitoreo, muchos proyectos exitosos que involucraban pagos o multas estuvieron conectados a la motivación intrínseca en la comunidad local. Por esto, nuestros resultados sugieren que en lugar de debatir los méritos relativos de los tipos específicos de instrumentos políticos, los conservacionistas pueden tener más éxito si se enfocan en cómo los motivadores diferentes, ajustados a contextos específicos, pueden empoderar de mejor manera a las comunidades locales para conservar. En general, nuestros resultados sugieren que el énfasis actual sobre la justicia social y el bienestar de las comunidades locales es un paso positivo hacia la protección de la biodiversidad mundial restante.