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Satellite Traces: Ionogram Signatures of Bottom‐Side Upwelling Structures ‐ A Simulation Study
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Satellite Traces: Ionogram Signatures of Bottom‐Side Upwelling Structures ‐ A Simulation Study
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Journal Article
Satellite Traces: Ionogram Signatures of Bottom‐Side Upwelling Structures ‐ A Simulation Study
2025
Overview
Satellite Traces (STs) are the important ionogram signatures for the presence of upwellings in the bottom‐side ionosphere, which provide the necessary seed perturbation for the development of equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs). In this study, a virtual ionosonde experiment is simulated to investigate the various ST signatures under the presence of shallow, deep, overhead, and off‐centered upwellings in the bottom‐side ionosphere. It is shown that STs occur at higher and lower virtual heights than the main ionogram trace for the off‐centered and overhead upwellings, respectively. The height separation between the main trace and STs increases with the deepening of overhead upwellings. Further, a proof‐of‐concept is demonstrated that multiple STs from ionograms can be used to reconstruct the spatial structure of bottom‐side upwellings, if the precise Angle‐of‐Arrival information can be resolved from the wide beam Ionosonde systems, and can have potential applications in predicting the occurrence of EPBs. Plain Language Summary The ionosphere is the gateway for radio communications between the ground and space. The free electrons and ions in the ionosphere can affect the propagation of radio waves. The structures with turbulent electron density variations in the ionosphere, known as plasma bubbles, can often disrupt radio communication signals beyond the usable levels. Such a situation can lead to severe outages in the satellite‐based (e.g., Global Navigation Satellite System based) positioning, precise navigation, operation of drones, etc. The upwelling structures in the bottom‐side ionosphere are the earliest manifestations of the plasma bubbles, hence, their early detection is vital for forecasting the adverse effects of plasma bubbles. This study illustrates the different characteristic signatures of upwellings on the ionograms and demonstrates a proof‐of‐concept to reconstruct the upwellings from the multiple STs if the precise Angle‐of‐Arrival information is available. Key Points Satellite Traces (STs) occur at lower virtual heights than the main ionogram trace when the upwelling is centered and located overhead of transmitter The precise Angle‐of‐Arrival (AoA) is a crucial parameter to unambiguously interpret ST signatures associated with upwellings of different depths and positions A proof‐of‐concept is demonstrated that multiple STs with AoA values can be used to reconstruct the spatial structure of upwelling
Publisher
John Wiley & Sons, Inc,Wiley
Subject
