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Impact of age, HIV1, sickle-cell genotypes, and interferon-gamma gene upstream variants on malaria disease outcomes in a longitudinal pediatric cohort
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Impact of age, HIV1, sickle-cell genotypes, and interferon-gamma gene upstream variants on malaria disease outcomes in a longitudinal pediatric cohort
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Journal Article
Impact of age, HIV1, sickle-cell genotypes, and interferon-gamma gene upstream variants on malaria disease outcomes in a longitudinal pediatric cohort
2025
Overview
This prospective cohort study explored the association between two upstream IFN-γ variants (rs2069709: G > T and rs2069705: A > G) and hazard factors for malaria outcomes in a longitudinal cohort of children (
n
= 941, 3–36 mos.), followed for three years. The impact of age, sex, previous malaria exposure, HIV1 infection, and sickle-cell genotypes (HbAA, HbAS, and HbSS) was also investigated. Reduced malaria episodes were associated with older age at enrollment [HR = 0.957 (95% CI = 0.953–0.961) per month,
P
< 2.2e-16], HIV1 infection [0.687 (0.545–0.866),
P
= 0.001], being female [0.910 (0.859–0.964),
P
= 0.040], and HbAS [0.823 (0.754–0.898),
P
= 0.005]. The GA/TA diplotype [0.376 (0.230–0.614),
P
= 0.002] also reduced the hazard of malaria, while TA haplotype increased susceptibility [1.749 (1.159–2.640),
P
= 0.029]. Factors protecting against the development of SMA [Hemoglobin (Hb < 6.0 g/dL)] included older age [0.927 (0.913–0.942) per month,
P
< 2.2e-16], previous malaria episodes [0.576 (0.542–0.614,
P
= 9.5e-32)], HbAS [0.553 (0.400-0.766),
P
= 0.015]. The rs2069705AG genotype increased the hazard of SMA [1.697 (1.002–2.875),
P
= 0.042]. Reduced hazard of mortality was observed for older children [0.898 (0.857–0.941),
P
< 2.2e-16], while a higher hazard was present in HIV-infected children [12.475 (6.380-24.392),
P
< 2.2e-16], and in those with HbSS [6.341 (1.944–20.686),
P
= 0.007]. The GG haplotype increased the mortality hazard [1.817 (0.936–3.527),
P
= 0.078]. The results here highlight critical factors influencing the hazard of malaria, SMA, and mortality.
Publisher
Nature Publishing Group UK,Nature Publishing Group,Nature Portfolio
Subject
/ 631/250
/ 692/699
/ Anemia, Sickle Cell - complications
/ Anemia, Sickle Cell - genetics
/ Child
/ Children
/ Female
/ Genetic Predisposition to Disease
/ Genotype
/ HIV Infections - complications
/ HIV-1
/ HIV1
/ Humanities and Social Sciences
/ Humans
/ Infant
/ Malaria
/ Male
/ Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
/ Science
/ Sexually transmitted diseases
/ STD
