Journal Article

BERT applications in natural language processing: a review

Gardazi, Nadia Mushtaq, Alsahfi, Tariq, Malik, Muhammad Kamran, Bukhari, Amal, Daud, Ali, Alshemaimri, Bader

2025

Overview

BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) has revolutionized Natural Language Processing (NLP) by significantly enhancing the capabilities of language models. This review study examines the complex nature of BERT, including its structure, utilization in different NLP tasks, and the further development of its design via modifications. The study thoroughly analyses the methodological aspects, conducting a comprehensive analysis of the planning process, the implemented procedures, and the criteria used to decide which data to include or exclude in the evaluation framework. In addition, the study thoroughly examines the influence of BERT on several NLP tasks, such as Sentence Boundary Detection, Tokenization, Grammatical Error Detection and Correction, Dependency Parsing, Named Entity Recognition, Part of Speech Tagging, Question Answering Systems, Machine Translation, Sentiment analysis, fake review detection and Cross-lingual transfer learning. The review study adds to the current literature by integrating ideas from multiple sources, explicitly emphasizing the problems and prospects in BERT-based models. The objective is to comprehensively comprehend BERT and its implementations, targeting both experienced researchers and novices in the domain of NLP. Consequently, the present study is expected to inspire more research endeavors, promote innovative adaptations of BERT, and deepen comprehension of its extensive capabilities in various NLP applications. The results presented in this research are anticipated to influence the advancement of future language models and add to the ongoing discourse on enhancing technology for understanding natural language.

• Publisher: Springer Netherlands,Springer,Springer Nature B.V
• Subject: Ability / Artificial Intelligence / Bidirectionality / Comprehension / Computational linguistics / Computer Science / Dependency / Error analysis / Error correction / Error detection / Language / Language modeling / Language processing / Machine learning / Machine translation / Natural language interfaces / Natural language processing / Novices / Parsing / Sentiment analysis / Speech / Speech recognition / Tagging (Computational linguistics) / Task complexity