Journal Article

COVID-19 classification of X-ray images using deep neural networks

Benjaminov, Ofer, Dror, Amiel A., Elyada, Yishai M., Neeman, Ziv, Lifshitz, Liza, Mizrachi, Matti, Sela, Eyal, Yaron, Daniel, Tamir, Shlomit, Eldar, Yonina C., Blass, Ayelet, Atar, Eli, Bachar, Gil N., Grubstein, Ahuva, Charbinsky, Leonid, Aharony, Israel, Goldstein, Elisha, Levin, Philip, Weiss, Chedva S., Rapson, Yael, Lumelsky, Dimitri, Suhami, Dror, Hajouj, Majd, Keidar, Daphna, Shachar, Yair, Eizenbach, Nethanel, Shabshin, Nogah, Bogot, Naama R.

2021

Overview

Objectives In the midst of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, chest X-ray (CXR) imaging is playing an important role in diagnosis and monitoring of patients with COVID-19. We propose a deep learning model for detection of COVID-19 from CXRs, as well as a tool for retrieving similar patients according to the model’s results on their CXRs. For training and evaluating our model, we collected CXRs from inpatients hospitalized in four different hospitals. Methods In this retrospective study, 1384 frontal CXRs, of COVID-19 confirmed patients imaged between March and August 2020, and 1024 matching CXRs of non-COVID patients imaged before the pandemic, were collected and used to build a deep learning classifier for detecting patients positive for COVID-19. The classifier consists of an ensemble of pre-trained deep neural networks (DNNS), specifically, ReNet34, ReNet50¸ ReNet152, and vgg16, and is enhanced by data augmentation and lung segmentation. We further implemented a nearest-neighbors algorithm that uses DNN-based image embeddings to retrieve the images most similar to a given image. Results Our model achieved accuracy of 90.3%, (95% CI: 86.3–93.7%) specificity of 90% (95% CI: 84.3–94%), and sensitivity of 90.5% (95% CI: 85–94%) on a test dataset comprising 15% (350/2326) of the original images. The AUC of the ROC curve is 0.96 (95% CI: 0.93–0.97). Conclusion We provide deep learning models, trained and evaluated on CXRs that can assist medical efforts and reduce medical staff workload in handling COVID-19. Key Points • A machine learning model was able to detect chest X-ray (CXR) images of patients tested positive for COVID-19 with accuracy and detection rate above 90%. • A tool was created for finding existing CXR images with imaging characteristics most similar to a given CXR, according to the model’s image embeddings.

• Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg,Springer Nature B.V
• Subject: Algorithms / Artificial neural networks / Chest / Classifiers / Coronaviruses / COVID-19 / Deep learning / Diagnostic Radiology / Evaluation / Image classification / Image segmentation / Imaging / Imaging Informatics and Artificial Intelligence / Internal Medicine / Interventional Radiology / Learning algorithms / Machine learning / Medical imaging / Medicine / Medicine & Public Health / Model accuracy / Neural networks / Neuroradiology / Pandemics / Patients / Radiology / Ultrasound / Viral diseases / X ray imagery