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Advancements in detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection for confronting COVID-19 pandemics
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Journal Article
Advancements in detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection for confronting COVID-19 pandemics
2022
Overview
As one of the major approaches in combating the COVID-19 pandemics, the availability of specific and reliable assays for the SARS-CoV-2 viral genome and its proteins is essential to identify the infection in suspected populations, make diagnoses in symptomatic or asymptomatic individuals, and determine clearance of the virus after the infection. For these purposes, use of the quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) for detection of the viral nucleic acid remains the most valuable in terms of its specificity, fast turn-around, high-throughput capacity, and reliability. It is critical to update the sequences of primers and probes to ensure the detection of newly emerged variants. Various assays for increased levels of IgG or IgM antibodies are available for detecting ongoing or past infection, vaccination responses, and persistence and for identifying high titers of neutralizing antibodies in recovered individuals. Viral genome sequencing is increasingly used for tracing infectious sources, monitoring mutations, and subtype classification and is less valuable in diagnosis because of its capacity and high cost. Nanopore target sequencing with portable options is available for a quick process for sequencing data. Emerging CRISPR-Cas-based assays, such as SHERLOCK and AIOD-CRISPR, for viral genome detection may offer options for prompt and point-of-care detection. Moreover, aptamer-based probes may be multifaceted for developing portable and high-throughput assays with fluorescent or chemiluminescent probes for viral proteins. In conclusion, assays are available for viral genome and protein detection, and the selection of specific assays depends on the purposes of prevention, diagnosis and pandemic control, or monitoring of vaccination efficacy.
During the COVID-19 pandemics, sensitive and reliable assays for SARS-CoV-2 detection are essential for screening the population, identifying asymptomatic individuals, making diagnoses, monitoring treatment responses, and determining viral clearance. This review summarizes the principles, advantages, disadvantages, and specific applications of currently available assays for detection of the viral nucleotide, genome or proteins, as well as host antibody responses, and provide overall guidelines for selection of optimal assays for specific usage.
Publisher
Elsevier Inc,Nature Publishing Group US,Nature Publishing Group
Subject
/ 692/699
/ 82/1
/ Antibodies, Viral - analysis
/ Aptamers
/ Assaying
/ COVID-19
/ COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing - methods
/ COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing - trends
/ COVID-19 Serological Testing - methods
/ COVID-19 Serological Testing - trends
/ CRISPR
/ Genomes
/ Humans
/ Medicine
/ Molecular Diagnostic Techniques - methods
/ Molecular Diagnostic Techniques - trends
/ Mutation
/ Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques - methods
/ Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques - trends
/ Probes
/ Proteins
/ Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction - methods
/ Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction - trends
/ Review
/ SARS-CoV-2 - isolation & purification
/ Sequence Analysis, RNA - methods
/ Sequence Analysis, RNA - trends
/ Severe acute respiratory syndrome
/ Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
/ Viruses
