Journal Article

Gravity of human impacts mediates coral reef conservation gains

Beger, Maria, Chabanet, Pascale, Wilson, Shaun K., Booth, David J., Cinner, Joshua E., Kulbicki, Michel, Brooks, Andrew J., Feary, David A., Tupper, Mark, Mora, Camilo, Cruz-Motta, Juan J., Hoey, Andrew S., McClanahan, Tim R., Ferse, Sebastian C. A., Huchery, Cindy, Williams, Ivor D., Hicks, Christina C., Sumaila, U. Rashid, Friedlander, Alan M., Sandin, Stuart A., Graham, Nicholas A. J., Brokovich, Eran, Edgar, Graham J., Gough, Charlotte, Mouillot, David, Barnes, Michele L., Vigliola, Laurent, Stuart-Smith, Rick D., Hardt, Marah J., D’Agata, Stephanie, Maire, Eva, Wantiez, Laurent, Pardede, Shinta, Kittinger, John N., MacNeil, M. Aaron, Green, Alison, Gurney, Georgina G.

2018

Overview

Coral reefs provide ecosystem goods and services for millions of people in the tropics, but reef conditions are declining worldwide. Effective solutions to the crisis facing coral reefs depend in part on understanding the context under which different types of conservation benefits can be maximized. Our global analysis of nearly 1,800 tropical reefs reveals how the intensity of human impacts in the surrounding seascape, measured as a function of human population size and accessibility to reefs (“gravity”), diminishes the effectiveness of marine reserves at sustaining reef fish biomass and the presence of top predators, even where compliance with reserve rules is high. Critically, fish biomass in high-compliance marine reserves located where human impacts were intensive tended to be less than a quarter that of reserves where human impacts were low. Similarly, the probability of encountering top predators on reefs with high human impacts was close to zero, even in high-compliance marine reserves. However, we find that the relative difference between openly fished sites and reserves (what we refer to as conservation gains) are highest for fish biomass (excluding predators) where human impacts are moderate and for top predators where human impacts are low. Our results illustrate critical ecological trade-offs in meeting key conservation objectives: reserves placed where there are moderate-to-high human impacts can provide substantial conservation gains for fish biomass, yet they are unlikely to support key ecosystem functions like higher-order predation, which is more prevalent in reserve locations with low human impacts.

• Publisher: National Academy of Sciences
• Subject: Animals / Biodiversity and Ecology / Biological Sciences / Biomass / Conservation / Conservation of Natural Resources / Coral Reefs / Ecological effects / Ecological function / Ecology, environment / Ecosystems / Environmental Sciences / Fish conservation / Fishes - physiology / Food Chain / Global Changes / Gravitation / Human influences / Human populations / Humans / Life Sciences / Marine conservation / Nature reserves / PNAS Plus / Population number / Predation / Predators / Reef fish / Social Sciences / Socioeconomic factors / Sustainability / Sustainability Science / Tropical environments