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Environmental Determinants of Recent Endemism of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Infections in Amphibian Assemblages in the Absence of Disease Outbreaks
by
HALLMANN, CASPAR A.
, BOSMAN, WILBERT
, GARNER, TRENTON W. J.
, PASMANS, FRANK
, SPITZEN-VAN DER SLUIJS, ANNEMARIEKE
, JOORIS, ROBERT
, VAN ROOIJ, PASCALE
, MARTEL, AN
, HAESEBROUCK, FREDDY
in
Alytes obstetricans
/ Amphibians
/ Animal diseases
/ Animal populations
/ Animal species
/ Animals
/ Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
/ Belgium
/ Bélgica
/ chytridiomycosis
/ Chytridiomycota - isolation & purification
/ Coexistence
/ Conservation biology
/ Conservation of Natural Resources
/ Contributed Papers
/ diagnostic techniques
/ disease outbreaks
/ Disease Susceptibility - epidemiology
/ Disease Susceptibility - microbiology
/ Disease Susceptibility - veterinary
/ Endemism
/ Environmental conditions
/ environmental factors
/ Fluctuations
/ Fungal infections
/ fungi
/ indigenous species
/ Linear Models
/ mortality
/ Mycoses - epidemiology
/ Mycoses - microbiology
/ Mycoses - veterinary
/ Netherlands - epidemiology
/ Pathogens
/ Países Bajos
/ Population decline
/ Population Dynamics
/ Population growth
/ predominio
/ Prevalence
/ quitridiomicosis
/ Reptiles & amphibians
/ Risk Factors
/ the Netherlands
2014
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Environmental Determinants of Recent Endemism of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Infections in Amphibian Assemblages in the Absence of Disease Outbreaks
by
HALLMANN, CASPAR A.
, BOSMAN, WILBERT
, GARNER, TRENTON W. J.
, PASMANS, FRANK
, SPITZEN-VAN DER SLUIJS, ANNEMARIEKE
, JOORIS, ROBERT
, VAN ROOIJ, PASCALE
, MARTEL, AN
, HAESEBROUCK, FREDDY
in
Alytes obstetricans
/ Amphibians
/ Animal diseases
/ Animal populations
/ Animal species
/ Animals
/ Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
/ Belgium
/ Bélgica
/ chytridiomycosis
/ Chytridiomycota - isolation & purification
/ Coexistence
/ Conservation biology
/ Conservation of Natural Resources
/ Contributed Papers
/ diagnostic techniques
/ disease outbreaks
/ Disease Susceptibility - epidemiology
/ Disease Susceptibility - microbiology
/ Disease Susceptibility - veterinary
/ Endemism
/ Environmental conditions
/ environmental factors
/ Fluctuations
/ Fungal infections
/ fungi
/ indigenous species
/ Linear Models
/ mortality
/ Mycoses - epidemiology
/ Mycoses - microbiology
/ Mycoses - veterinary
/ Netherlands - epidemiology
/ Pathogens
/ Países Bajos
/ Population decline
/ Population Dynamics
/ Population growth
/ predominio
/ Prevalence
/ quitridiomicosis
/ Reptiles & amphibians
/ Risk Factors
/ the Netherlands
2014
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Environmental Determinants of Recent Endemism of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Infections in Amphibian Assemblages in the Absence of Disease Outbreaks
by
HALLMANN, CASPAR A.
, BOSMAN, WILBERT
, GARNER, TRENTON W. J.
, PASMANS, FRANK
, SPITZEN-VAN DER SLUIJS, ANNEMARIEKE
, JOORIS, ROBERT
, VAN ROOIJ, PASCALE
, MARTEL, AN
, HAESEBROUCK, FREDDY
in
Alytes obstetricans
/ Amphibians
/ Animal diseases
/ Animal populations
/ Animal species
/ Animals
/ Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
/ Belgium
/ Bélgica
/ chytridiomycosis
/ Chytridiomycota - isolation & purification
/ Coexistence
/ Conservation biology
/ Conservation of Natural Resources
/ Contributed Papers
/ diagnostic techniques
/ disease outbreaks
/ Disease Susceptibility - epidemiology
/ Disease Susceptibility - microbiology
/ Disease Susceptibility - veterinary
/ Endemism
/ Environmental conditions
/ environmental factors
/ Fluctuations
/ Fungal infections
/ fungi
/ indigenous species
/ Linear Models
/ mortality
/ Mycoses - epidemiology
/ Mycoses - microbiology
/ Mycoses - veterinary
/ Netherlands - epidemiology
/ Pathogens
/ Países Bajos
/ Population decline
/ Population Dynamics
/ Population growth
/ predominio
/ Prevalence
/ quitridiomicosis
/ Reptiles & amphibians
/ Risk Factors
/ the Netherlands
2014
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Environmental Determinants of Recent Endemism of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Infections in Amphibian Assemblages in the Absence of Disease Outbreaks
Journal Article
Environmental Determinants of Recent Endemism of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Infections in Amphibian Assemblages in the Absence of Disease Outbreaks
2014
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Overview
The inconsistent distribution of large-scale infection mediated die-offs and the subsequent population declines of several animal species, urges us to understand how, when, and why species are affected by disease. It is often unclear when or under what conditions a pathogen constitutes a threat to a host. Often, variation of environmental conditions plays a role. Globally Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) causes amphibian declines; however, host responses are inconsistent and this fungus appears equally capable of reaching a state of endemism and subsequent co-existence with native amphibian assemblages. We sought to identify environmental and temporal factors that facilitate host-pathogen coexistence in northern Europe. To do this, we used molecular diagnostics to examine archived and wild amphibians for infection and general linear mixed models to explore relationships between environmental variables and prevalence of infection in 5 well-sampled amphibian species. We first detected infection in archived animals collected in 1999, and infection was ubiquitous, but rare, throughout the study period (2008-2010). Prevalence of infection exhibited significant annual fluctuations. Despite extremely rare cases of lethal chytridiomycosis in A. obstetricans, Bd prevalence was uncorrelated with this species' population growth. Our results suggest context dependent and species-specific host susceptibility. Thus, we believe recent endemism of Bd coincides with environmentally driven Bd prevalence fluctuations that preclude the build-up of Bd infection beyond the critical threshold for large-scale mortality and host population crashes. La distribución inconsistente de muertes a gran escala mediadas por infecciones y la declinación subsecuente de la población de varias especies animales nos empuja a entender cómo, dónde y por qué las especies son afectadas por enfermedades. Generalmente no está claro dónde o bajo cuáles condiciones un patógeno constituye una amenaza para el hospedero. En la mayoría de los casos, la variación de las condiciones ambientales tiene un papel en esto. A nivel global Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) causa declinación en las poblaciones de anfibios; sin embargo la respuesta de los hospederos es inconsistente y parece que este hongo es capaz de alcanzar un estado de endemismo y una co-existencia subsecuente con conjuntos de anfibios. Buscamos identificar los factores ambientales y temporales que facilitan la co-existencia hospedero-patógeno en el norte de Europa. Para realizar esto usamos diagnósticos moleculares para examinar infecciones en anfibios en colección y silvestres y modelos lineales mixtos para explorar relaciones entre las variables ambientales y el predominio de infecciones en 5 especies anfibios bien documentadas. Primero detectamos la infección en animales en colección de 1999; ésta fue ubicua pero rara a lo largo del periodo de estudio (2008-2010). El predominio de la infección exhibió fluctuaciones anuales significativas. A pesar de los casos extremadamente raros de quitridiomicosis letal en A. obstetricans, el predominio de Bd no estuvo relacionado con el crecimiento poblacional de la especie. Nuestros resultados sugieren una susceptibilidad de hospedero dependiente del contexto y específica para la especie. Con esto, creemos que el endemismo reciente de Bd coincide con fluctuaciones causadas por el ambiente de Bd que excluyen el incremento de infecciones de Bd más allá del umbral crítico para una mortalidad a gran escala y disminuciones en la población de hospederos.
Publisher
Blackwell Publishing Ltd,Wiley Periodicals Inc
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