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Methanogenic archaea are globally ubiquitous in aerated soils and become active under wet anoxic conditions
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Methanogenic archaea are globally ubiquitous in aerated soils and become active under wet anoxic conditions
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Journal Article
Methanogenic archaea are globally ubiquitous in aerated soils and become active under wet anoxic conditions
2012
Overview
The prototypical representatives of the
Euryarchaeota
—the methanogens—are oxygen sensitive and are thought to occur only in highly reduced, anoxic environments. However, we found methanogens of the genera
Methanosarcina
and
Methanocella
to be present in many types of upland soils (including dryland soils) sampled globally. These methanogens could be readily activated by incubating the soils as slurry under anoxic conditions, as seen by rapid methane production within a few weeks, without any additional carbon source. Analysis of the archaeal
16S ribosomal RNA
gene community profile in the incubated samples through terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism and quantification through quantitative PCR indicated dominance of
Methanosarcina
, whose gene copy numbers also correlated with methane production rates. Analysis of the δ
13
C of the methane further supported this, as the dominant methanogenic pathway was in most cases aceticlastic, which
Methanocella
cannot perform. Sequences of the key methanogenic enzyme methyl coenzyme M reductase retrieved from the soil samples before incubation confirmed that
Methanosarcina
and
Methanocella
are the dominant methanogens, though some sequences of
Methanobrevibacter
and
Methanobacterium
were also detected. The global occurrence of only two active methanogenic archaea supports the hypothesis that these are autochthonous members of the upland soil biome and are well adapted to their environment.
Publisher
Nature Publishing Group UK,Oxford University Press,Nature Publishing Group
