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Transport and release of chemicals from plastics to the environment and to wildlife
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Transport and release of chemicals from plastics to the environment and to wildlife
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Journal Article
Transport and release of chemicals from plastics to the environment and to wildlife
2009
Overview
Plastics debris in the marine environment, including resin pellets, fragments and microscopic plastic fragments, contain organic contaminants, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, petroleum hydrocarbons, organochlorine pesticides (2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane, hexachlorinated hexanes), polybrominated diphenylethers, alkylphenols and bisphenol A, at concentrations from sub ng g1 to g g1. Some of these compounds are added during plastics manufacture, while others adsorb from the surrounding seawater. Concentrations of hydrophobic contaminants adsorbed on plastics showed distinct spatial variations reflecting global pollution patterns. Model calculations and experimental observations consistently show that polyethylene accumulates more organic contaminants than other plastics such as polypropylene and polyvinyl chloride. Both a mathematical model using equilibrium partitioning and experimental data have demonstrated the transfer of contaminants from plastic to organisms. A feeding experiment indicated that PCBs could transfer from contaminated plastics to streaked shearwater chicks. Plasticizers, other plastics additives and constitutional monomers also present potential threats in terrestrial environments because they can leach from waste disposal sites into groundwater and/or surface waters. Leaching and degradation of plasticizers and polymers are complex phenomena dependent on environmental conditions in the landfill and the chemical properties of each additive. Bisphenol A concentrations in leachates from municipal waste disposal sites in tropical Asia ranged from sub g l1 to mg l1 and were correlated with the level of economic development.
Publisher
The Royal Society
Subject
/ Animals
/ Endocrine Disruptors - analysis
/ Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals
/ Environmental Pollutants - analysis
/ Environmental Pollutants - pharmacokinetics
/ Feeding Behavior - physiology
/ Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers - analysis
/ Kinetics
/ Persistent Organic Pollutants
/ Plastics
/ Polychlorinated Biphenyls - analysis
/ Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons - analysis
/ Polymers
/ Resins
/ Sorption
