Journal Article

Toll-Like Receptor Signaling and Its Role in Cell-Mediated Immunity

Wang, Rong-Fu, Xing, Changsheng, Duan, Tianhao, Du, Yang, Wang, Helen Y.

2022

Overview

Innate immunity is the first defense system against invading pathogens. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are well-defined pattern recognition receptors responsible for pathogen recognition and induction of innate immune responses. Since their discovery, TLRs have revolutionized the field of immunology by filling the gap between the initial recognition of pathogens by innate immune cells and the activation of the adaptive immune response. TLRs critically link innate immunity to adaptive immunity by regulating the activation of antigen-presenting cells and key cytokines. Furthermore, recent studies also have shown that TLR signaling can directly regulate the T cell activation, growth, differentiation, development, and function under diverse physiological conditions. This review provides an overview of TLR signaling pathways and their regulators and discusses how TLR signaling, directly and indirectly, regulates cell-mediated immunity. In addition, we also discuss how TLR signaling is critically important in the host’s defense against infectious diseases, autoimmune diseases, and cancer.

• Publisher: Frontiers Media SA,Frontiers Media S.A
• Subject: Adaptive Immunity / Antigen-presenting cells / Antigens / Autoimmune diseases / Bacteria / Cell activation / Cell differentiation / Cell-mediated immunity / Cytokines / Dendritic cells / Glycoproteins / HIV / Human immunodeficiency virus / Immune response / Immune system / Immunity (Disease) / Immunity, Cellular / Immunity, Innate - physiology / Immunology / Infectious diseases / Innate immunity / Insects / Kinases / Ligands / Lymphocytes / Lymphocytes T / Microorganisms / Pathogens / Pattern recognition receptors / Proteins / Signal Transduction / signaling pathway / T cells / Toll-Like Receptors