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Indoor air quality in waterpipe cafés: exposure level to particulate matter
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Journal Article
Indoor air quality in waterpipe cafés: exposure level to particulate matter
2019
Overview
Waterpipe is increasingly being used worldwide. Despite waterpipe cafés gaining popularity among Iranian population, there is a paucity of research measuring exposures and assessing the health effects of waterpipe smoke in these places. The objective of the current study was to investigate the exposure to PM
10
, PM
2.5
, and PM
1
concentrations and risk assessment of PM
2.5
exposures in different age groups in the indoor air of waterpipe cafés. The study samples were taken from indoor air of 50 waterpipe cafés in Ardabil, Iran. The PM
10
, PM
2.5
, and PM
1
concentrations were assessed using a portable GRIMM dust monitors. The mean (±SD) concentrations of indoor air PM
10
, PM
2.5
, and PM
1
were 765 ± 352, 624 ± 327, and 500 ± 305 μg/m
3
, respectively. The mean of HQ (hazard quotient) for PM
2.5
in all age groups of 16 and older was > 1, which corresponds to an unacceptably high risk for human health. Also, the mean of ELCRs (excess lifetime cancer risk) for PM
2.5
in different age groups exceeded the limit value by the USEPA. The results indicated that the PM concentration is significantly influenced by the number of waterpipe smokers, type of ventilation system, and kind of tobacco. Therefore, waterpipe cafés are a potential source for exposure to PM
10
, PM
2.5
, and PM
1
and increase the risk of respiratory diseases and cardiovascular problems among waterpipe smokers.
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC,Springer Berlin Heidelberg,Springer Nature B.V
Subject
/ air
/ Air Pollution, Indoor - analysis
/ Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution
/ dust
/ Earth and Environmental Science
/ Environmental Monitoring - methods
/ Exposure
/ Humans
/ Iran
/ Particulate Matter - analysis
/ risk
/ Smoke
/ Smoking
/ Tobacco
/ United States Environmental Protection Agency
