Journal Article

Exploring sleep heart rate variability: linear, nonlinear, and circadian rhythm perspectives

Marino Hosoki, Tomohiko Yoshida, Yui Umemoto, Lina Hamabe, Katsuhiro Matsuura, Mizuki Hasegawa, Kazumi Shimada, Ahmed Farag, Mayuko Sasaki, Ken Takahashi, Akari Hatanaka, Rio Hayashi, Ryou Tanaka

2024

Overview

Heart rate variability (HRV) is believed to possess the potential for disease detection. However, early identification of heart disease remains challenging, as HRV analysis in dogs primarily reflects the advanced stages of the disease. The aim of this study is to compare 24-h HRV with sleep HRV to assess the potential utility of sleep HRV analysis. Thirty healthy dogs with no echocardiographic abnormalities were included in the study, comprising 23 females and 7 males ranging in age from 2 months to 8 years (mean [standard deviation], 1.4 [1.6]). This study employed a cross-sectional study. 24-h HRV and sleep HRV were measured from 48-h Holter recordings. Both linear analysis, a traditional method of heart rate variability analysis, and nonlinear analysis, a novel approach, were conducted. Additionally, circadian rhythm parameters were assessed. In frequency analysis of linear analysis, the parasympathetic index nHF was significantly higher during sleep compared to the mean 24-h period (mean sleep HRV [standard deviation] vs. mean 24 h [standard deviation], 95% confidence interval, value, r-family: 0.24 [0.057] vs. 0.23 [0.045], 0.006-0.031,  = 0.005,  = 0.49). Regarding time domain analysis, the parasympathetic indices SDNN and RMSSD were also significantly higher during sleep (SDNN: 179.7 [66.9] vs. 156.6 [53.2], 14.5-31.7,  < 0.001,  = 0.71 RMSSD: 187.0 [74.0] vs. 165.4 [62.2], 13.2-30.0,  < 0.001,  = 0.70). In a geometric method of nonlinear analysis, the parasympathetic indices SD1 and SD2 showed significantly higher values during sleep (SD1: 132.4 [52.4] vs. 117.1 [44.0], 9.3-21.1,  < 0.001,  = 0.70 SD2: 215.0 [80.5] vs. 185.9 [62.0], 17.6-40.6,  < 0.001,  = 0.69). Furthermore, the circadian rhythm items of the parasympathetic indices SDNN, RMSSD, SD1, and SD2 exhibited positive peaks during sleep. The findings suggest that focusing on HRV during sleep can provide a more accurate representation of parasympathetic activity, as it captures the peak circadian rhythm items.

• Publisher: Frontiers Media SA,Frontiers Media S.A
• Subject: Abnormalities / autonomic balance / Cardiac arrhythmia / Cardiovascular disease / Cardiovascular diseases / Circadian rhythms / Confidence intervals / daytime activities / Disease detection / Dogs / early detection / Electrocardiography / Electrodes / Frequency analysis / Heart diseases / Heart rate / Linear analysis / Nervous system / Nonlinear analysis / parasympathetic nerves / Parasympathetic nervous system / SF600-1100 / Sleep / Standard deviation / sympathetic nerves / Time domain analysis / Veterinary medicine / Veterinary Science