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Population biology of Gram-positive pathogens: high-risk clones for dissemination of antibiotic resistance
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Population biology of Gram-positive pathogens: high-risk clones for dissemination of antibiotic resistance
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Journal Article
Population biology of Gram-positive pathogens: high-risk clones for dissemination of antibiotic resistance
2011
Overview
Abstract
Infections caused by multiresistant Gram-positive bacteria represent a major health burden in the community as well as in hospitalized patients. Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium are well-known pathogens of hospitalized patients, frequently linked with resistance against multiple antibiotics, compromising effective therapy. Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes are important pathogens in the community and S. aureus has recently emerged as an important community-acquired pathogen. Population genetic studies reveal that recombination prevails as a driving force of genetic diversity in E. faecium, E. faecalis, S. pneumoniae and S. pyogenes, and thus, these species are weakly clonal. Although recombination has a relatively modest role driving the genetic variation of the core genome of S. aureus, the horizontal acquisition of resistance and virulence genes plays a key role in the emergence of new clinically relevant clones in this species. In this review, we discuss the population genetics of E. faecium, E. faecalis, S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes and S. aureus. Knowledge of the population structure of these pathogens is not only highly relevant for (molecular) epidemiological research but also for identifying the genetic variation that underlies changes in clinical behaviour, to improve our understanding of the pathogenic behaviour of particular clones and to identify novel targets for vaccines or immunotherapy.
Multi locus sequence typing has improved world-wide tracking of clinically relevant (i.e particularly virulent or resistant) circulating enterococcal, pneumococcal, group A streptococcal and staphylococcal clones and provided a more detailed insight into the population structure and evolutionary history of these opportunistic pathogens.
Publisher
Blackwell Publishing Ltd,Blackwell
Subject
Anti-Bacterial Agents - pharmacology
/ Biological and medical sciences
/ Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial
/ Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology
/ Genomes
/ Genotype
/ Gram-Positive Bacteria - classification
/ Gram-Positive Bacteria - drug effects
/ Gram-Positive Bacteria - genetics
/ Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections - epidemiology
/ Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections - microbiology
/ Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections - transmission
/ Humans
/ MLST
/ Reviews
/ Vaccines
