Journal Article

Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4): new insight immune and aging

Kim, Hyemin, Lee, Jeong-Hyung, Hwangbo, Cheol, Kim, Hyo-Jin

2023

Overview

TLR4, a transmembrane receptor, plays a central role in the innate immune response. TLR4 not only engages with exogenous ligands at the cellular membrane’s surface but also interacts with intracellular ligands, initiating intricate intracellular signaling cascades. Through MyD88, an adaptor protein, TLR4 activates transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1, thereby facilitating the upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Another adapter protein linked to TLR4, known as TRIF, autonomously propagates signaling pathways, resulting in heightened interferon expression. Recently, TLR4 has garnered attention as a significant factor in the regulation of symptoms in aging-related disorders. The persistent inflammatory response triggered by TLR4 contributes to the onset and exacerbation of these disorders. In addition, alterations in TLR4 expression levels play a pivotal role in modifying the manifestations of age-related diseases. In this review, we aim to consolidate the impact of TLR4 on cellular senescence and aging-related ailments, highlighting the potential of TLR4 as a novel therapeutic target that extends beyond immune responses.

• Publisher: BioMed Central,BioMed Central Ltd,Springer Nature B.V,BMC
• Subject: Activator protein 1 / Adapter proteins / Adaptive immunity / Adaptor proteins / Age-related disease / Aging / Antibodies / Autoimmune diseases / B cells / Bacteria / Biological response modifiers / Biomedical and Life Sciences / Biomedicine / Cell membranes / Cell surface receptors / Cellular senescence / Clinical Nutrition / Cytokines / Dendritic cells / Development and progression / DNA binding proteins / Geriatrics/Gerontology / Health aspects / Heat shock proteins / Homeostasis / Immune response / Immune system / Immunology / Innate immunity / Interferon / Intracellular / Intracellular signalling / Kinases / Ligands / MyD88 protein / Neutrophils / NF-κB protein / Pathogens / Pattern recognition / Public Health / Review / Senescence / Signal transduction / Therapeutic targets / TLR4 / TLR4 protein / Toll-like receptors / Towards Biomarkers of Human Immunosenescence / Transcription factors / Tumor necrosis factor-TNF / Type 2 diabetes