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Evolution of Increased Glia-neuron Ratios in the Human Frontal Cortex

by Raghanti, Mary Ann , Bonar, Christopher J. , Grossman, Lawrence I. , Erwin, Joseph M. , Stimpson, Cheryl D. , Hof, Patrick R. , Uddin, Monica , Goodman, Morris , Sherwood, Chet C. , Wildman, Derek E. , Redmond, John C.

in Animals / Biological Evolution / Biological Sciences / Brain / Brain - anatomy & histology / Brain - cytology / Cell Count / Chimpanzees / Cognitive ability / Comparative studies / Energy metabolism / Evolution / Frontal Lobe - cytology / Frontal Lobe - metabolism / Gene expression / Hominids / Humans / Language / Macaca / Macaca - anatomy & histology / Metabolism / Monkeys / Neocortex / Neuroglia / Neuroglia - cytology / Neurons / Neurons - cytology / Organ Size / Pan troglodytes - anatomy & histology / Primates

2006

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Evolution of Increased Glia-neuron Ratios in the Human Frontal Cortex

2006

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Evolution of Increased Glia-neuron Ratios in the Human Frontal Cortex

2006

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Journal Article

Evolution of Increased Glia-neuron Ratios in the Human Frontal Cortex

Raghanti, Mary Ann,

Bonar, Christopher J.,

Grossman, Lawrence I.,

Erwin, Joseph M.,

Stimpson, Cheryl D.,

Hof, Patrick R.,

Uddin, Monica,

Goodman, Morris,

Sherwood, Chet C.,

Wildman, Derek E.,

Redmond, John C.

2006

Overview

Evidence from comparative studies of gene expression and evolution suggest that human neocortical neurons may be characterized by unusually high levels of energy metabolism. The current study examined whether there is a disproportionate increase in glial cell density in the human frontal cortex in comparison with other anthropoid primate species (New World monkeys, Old World monkeys, and hominoids) to support greater metabolic demands. Among 18 species of anthropoids, humans displayed the greatest departure from allometric scaling expectations for the density of glia relative to neurons in layer II/III of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (area 9L). However, the human glia-neuron ratio in this prefrontal region did not differ significantly from allometric predictions based on brain size. Further analyses of glia-neuron ratios across frontal areas 4, 9L, 32, and 44 in a sample of humans, chimpanzees, and macaque monkeys showed that regions involved in specialized human cognitive functions, such as \"theory of mind\" (area 32) and language (area 44) have not evolved differentially higher requirements for metabolic support. Taken together, these findings suggest that greater metabolic consumption of human neocortical neurons relates to the energetic costs of maintaining expansive dendritic arbors and long-range projecting axons in the context of an enlarged brain.

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Publisher

National Academy of Sciences,National Acad Sciences

Subject

Animals

/ Biological Evolution

/ Biological Sciences

/ Brain

/ Brain - anatomy & histology

/ Brain - cytology

/ Cell Count