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Natural killer cells in cancer immunotherapy
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Natural killer cells in cancer immunotherapy
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Journal Article
Natural killer cells in cancer immunotherapy
2024
Overview
Natural killer (NK) cells, as innate lymphocytes, possess cytotoxic capabilities and engage target cells through a repertoire of activating and inhibitory receptors. Particularly, natural killer group 2, member D (NKG2D) receptor on NK cells recognizes stress‐induced ligands—the MHC class I chain‐related molecules A and B (MICA/B) presented on tumor cells and is key to trigger the cytolytic response of NK cells. However, tumors have developed sophisticated strategies to evade NK cell surveillance, which lead to failure of tumor immunotherapy. In this paper, we summarized these immune escaping strategies, including the downregulation of ligands for activating receptors, upregulation of ligands for inhibitory receptors, secretion of immunosuppressive compounds, and the development of apoptosis resistance. Then, we focus on recent advancements in NK cell immune therapies, which include engaging activating NK cell receptors, upregulating NKG2D ligand MICA/B expression, blocking inhibitory NK cell receptors, adoptive NK cell therapy, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)‐engineered NK cells (CAR‐NK), and NKG2D CAR‐T cells, especially several vaccines targeting MICA/B. This review will inspire the research in NK cell biology in tumor and provide significant hope for improving cancer treatment outcomes by harnessing the potent cytotoxic activity of NK cells. NK cells have cytotoxic functions against tumor cells especially through NKG2D receptor. This article reviews the mechanisms how tumors escape NK‐mediated killing and therapeutic strategies with NK cells and especially MICA/B–NKG2D axis. Finally, the recent innovative CAR‐NK/NKG2D CAR‐T and MICA/B vaccines in tumor were summarized.
