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Organ-Derived Decellularized Extracellular Matrix: A Game Changer for Bioink Manufacturing?
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Organ-Derived Decellularized Extracellular Matrix: A Game Changer for Bioink Manufacturing?
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Journal Article
Organ-Derived Decellularized Extracellular Matrix: A Game Changer for Bioink Manufacturing?
2018
Overview
The extracellular matrix (ECM) comprises a complex milieu of proteins and other growth factors that provide mechanical, biophysical, and biochemical cues to cells. The ECM is organ specific, and its detailed composition varies across organs. Bioinks are material formulations and biological molecules or cells processed during a bioprinting process. Organ-derived decellularized ECM (dECM) bioinks have emerged as arguably the most biomimetic bioinks. Here, we review bioinks derived from different decellularized organs, the techniques used to obtain these bioinks, and the characterization methods used to evaluate their quality. We emphasize that obtaining a good-quality bioink depends on the choice of organ, animal, and decellularization method. Finally, we explore potential large-scale applications of bioinks and challenges in manufacturing such bioinks.
Many individual ECM components, including collagen, fibrin, gelatin, alginate, and others, have been used as bioinks, but the natural ECM offers many physical, chemical, and biological cues that are difficult to recapitulate using only a single or just a few components. dECM bioinks could be revolutionary in terms of offering a complete biomimetic ink.
dECM bioinks could be used to print more functional and relevant tissues, which would have applications for drug screening, disease modeling, and regenerative medicine.
A dECM bioink is a softer material with lower mechanical strength; therefore, to ensure the integrity of the bioprinted structure, it is important to fine-tune the mechanical properties of this bioink by mixing it with either natural or synthetic materials.
