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The role of Alu elements in the cis-regulation of RNA processing
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Journal Article
The role of Alu elements in the cis-regulation of RNA processing
2015
Overview
The human genome is under constant invasion by retrotransposable elements. The most successful of these are the
Alu
elements; with a copy number of over a million, they occupy about 10 % of the entire genome. Interestingly, the vast majority of these
Alu
insertions are located in gene-rich regions, and one-third of all human genes contains an
Alu
insertion.
Alu
sequences are often embedded in gene sequence encoding pre-mRNAs and mature mRNAs, usually as part of their intron or UTRs. Once transcribed, they can regulate gene expression as well as increase the number of RNA isoforms expressed in a tissue or a species. They also regulate the function of other RNAs, like microRNAs, circular RNAs, and potentially long non-coding RNAs. Mechanistically,
Alu
elements exert their effects by influencing diverse processes, such as RNA editing, exonization, and RNA processing. In so doing, they have undoubtedly had a profound effect on human evolution.
