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Molecular mechanisms of T cell co-stimulation and co-inhibition
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Molecular mechanisms of T cell co-stimulation and co-inhibition
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Journal Article
Molecular mechanisms of T cell co-stimulation and co-inhibition
2013
Overview
Key Points
Co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory molecules are cell surface receptors and ligands that are classified into various families on the basis of their structure and functions.
After interaction with their specific ligands or counter-receptors that positively and negatively regulate T cell function, co-signalling receptors trigger biochemical signals in T cells.
Multiple co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory receptors are expressed differentially during specific phases of T cell differentiation and on specific subsets of T cells to direct T cell regulation and function.
Co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory molecules constitute important targets for immune modulation and the treatment of human diseases.
The central role of co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory receptors in T cell biology has been proven by the effective therapeutic targeting of some of these molecules. However, the molecular aspects of T cell co-stimulation and co-inhibition are far from being fully understood. Here, the authors discuss emerging concepts in T cell co-signalling.
Co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory receptors have a pivotal role in T cell biology, as they determine the functional outcome of T cell receptor (TCR) signalling. The classic definition of T cell co-stimulation continues to evolve through the identification of new co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory receptors, the biochemical characterization of their downstream signalling events and the delineation of their immunological functions. Notably, it has been recently appreciated that co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory receptors display great diversity in expression, structure and function, and that their functions are largely context dependent. Here, we focus on some of these emerging concepts and review the mechanisms through which T cell activation, differentiation and function is controlled by co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory receptors.
Publisher
Nature Publishing Group UK,Nature Publishing Group
Subject
/ Biomedical and Life Sciences
/ Cellular signal transduction
/ Humans
/ Lymphocyte Activation - immunology
/ Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell - immunology
/ Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell - metabolism
/ Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 14 - immunology
/ Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 14 - metabolism
/ Signal Transduction - immunology
/ Structure-function relationships
/ T cells
