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Multi-receptor detection of individual bacterial products by the innate immune system
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Journal Article
Multi-receptor detection of individual bacterial products by the innate immune system
2017
Overview
Key Points
The innate immune system can detect bacteria by sensing their cell-wall-associated molecules, including lipopolysaccharide, lipoproteins, peptidoglycan and flagellin. Each of these types of molecules is defined as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) and has the capacity to induce inflammatory responses to ensure host defence.
Three common themes govern innate immune responses to bacteria. These themes include the use of multiple host receptors to detect individual PAMPs, the use of cytosolic supramolecular organizing centres (SMOCs) to promote inflammation and the use of complementary SMOC-dependent activities to ensure host defence.
The best-defined SMOCs are the myddosome, which is assembled on bacterial detection by Toll-like receptors, and the inflammasome, which is assembled on bacterial detection by various cytosolic receptors.
Pathogenic and commensal bacteria have evolved mechanisms to avoid recognition by pattern-recognition receptors, particularly by altering the structure of their PAMPs. Multiple evasion strategies are shared by commensals and pathogens alike.
The detection of cell wall components has a critical role in the recognition of bacteria and the initiation of host defence. In this Review, Kieser and Kagan discuss common themes associated with the detection of individual bacterial products by diverse receptors of the innate immune system.
The receptors of the innate immune system detect specific microbial ligands to promote effective inflammatory and adaptive immune responses. Although this idea is well appreciated, studies in recent years have highlighted the complexity of innate immune detection, with multiple host receptors recognizing the same microbial ligand. Understanding the collective actions of diverse receptors that recognize common microbial signatures represents a new frontier in the study of innate immunity, and is the focus of this Review. Here, we discuss examples of individual bacterial cell wall components that are recognized by at least two and as many as four different receptors of the innate immune system. These receptors survey the extracellular or cytosolic spaces for their cognate ligands and operate in a complementary manner to induce distinct cellular responses. We further highlight that, despite this genetic diversity in receptors and pathways, common features exist to explain the operation of these receptors. These common features may help to provide unifying organizing principles associated with host defence.
Publisher
Nature Publishing Group UK,Nature Publishing Group
