Journal Article

Characterization of macrophage activation after treatment with polysaccharides from ginseng according to heat processing

Kim, Sung Jin, Kang, Ki Sung, Shin, Myoung-Sook, Baek, Seung-Hoon

2023

Overview

The worldwide persistence of infectious diseases is a significant public health issue. Consequently, studying immunomodulatory ingredients present in natural products, such as ginseng, is important for developing new treatment options. Here, we extracted three different types of polysaccharides from white (P-WG), red (P-RG), and heat-processed (P-HPG) ginseng and analyzed their chemical properties and immunostimulatory activity against RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. Carbohydrates were the main components of all three polysaccharide types, while uronic acid and protein levels were relatively low. Chemical analysis indicated that the content of carbohydrates (total sugar) increased with processing temperature, while that of uronic acid decreased. Treatment with P-WG, P-RG or P-HPG stimulated nitric oxide (NO) production and increased tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6 levels in RAW 264.7 macrophages, with P-WG showing the highest activity among the three polysaccharides. The expression of inducible NO synthase, which affects NO secretion, was highest in the macrophages treated with P-WG. Analysis of intracellular signaling pathways showed that mitogen-activated protein kinases (ERK, JNK, and p38) and NF-kB p65 were strongly phosphorylated by P-WG in macrophages but were only moderately phosphorylated by P-RG and P-HPG. Collectively, these results suggest that the polysaccharides isolated from ginseng undergo different changes in response to heat processing and display different chemical compositions and immune-enhancing activities.

• Publisher: Springer Nature Singapore,Springer Nature B.V,SpringerOpen,한국응용생명화학회
• Subject: Applied Microbiology / Biological Techniques / Bioorganic Chemistry / Carbohydrates / Cell activation / Chemical analysis / Chemical composition / Chemical properties / Chemistry / Chemistry and Materials Science / Ginseng / Heat / Heat processing / Immunomodulation / immunostimulants / Immunostimulation / Infectious diseases / interleukins / Intracellular signalling / Kinases / Macrophage / macrophage activation / Macrophages / mice / mitogen-activated protein kinase / Natural products / NF-κB protein / Nitric oxide / Nitric-oxide synthase / Panax / Polysaccharides / Proteins / Public health / Saccharides / secretion / temperature / transcription factor NF-kappa B / tumor necrosis factor-alpha / Tumor necrosis factor-TNF / Tumor necrosis factor-α / Uronic acid / uronic acids / 농학