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Host-induced aneuploidy and phenotypic diversification in the Sudden Oak Death pathogen Phytophthora ramorum
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Host-induced aneuploidy and phenotypic diversification in the Sudden Oak Death pathogen Phytophthora ramorum
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Host-induced aneuploidy and phenotypic diversification in the Sudden Oak Death pathogen Phytophthora ramorum
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Journal Article
Host-induced aneuploidy and phenotypic diversification in the Sudden Oak Death pathogen Phytophthora ramorum
2016
Overview
Background
Aneuploidy can result in significant phenotypic changes, which can sometimes be selectively advantageous. For example, aneuploidy confers resistance to antifungal drugs in human pathogenic fungi. Aneuploidy has also been observed in invasive fungal and oomycete plant pathogens in the field. Environments conducive to the generation of aneuploids, the underlying genetic mechanisms, and the contribution of aneuploidy to invasiveness are underexplored. We studied phenotypic diversification and associated genome changes in
Phytophthora ramorum,
a highly destructive oomycete pathogen with a wide host-range that causes Sudden Oak Death in western North America and Sudden Larch Death in the UK. Introduced populations of the pathogen are exclusively clonal. In California, oak (
Quercus
spp
.
) isolates obtained from trunk cankers frequently exhibit host-dependent, atypical phenotypes called non-wild type (
nwt
), apparently without any host-associated population differentiation. Based on a large survey of genotypes from different hosts, we previously hypothesized that the environment in oak cankers may be responsible for the observed phenotypic diversification in
P. ramorum
.
Results
We show that both normal wild type (
wt
) and
nwt
phenotypes were obtained when
wt P. ramorum
isolates from the foliar host
California bay
(
Umbellularia californica
) were re-isolated from cankers of artificially-inoculated canyon live oak (
Q. chrysolepis
). We also found comparable
nwt
phenotypes in
P. ramorum
isolates from a bark canker of Lawson cypress (
Chamaecyparis lawsoniana
) in the UK; previously
nwt
was not known to occur in this pathogen population. High-throughput sequencing-based analyses identified major genomic alterations including partial aneuploidy and copy-neutral loss of heterozygosity predominantly in
nwt
isolates. Chromosomal breakpoints were located at or near transposons.
Conclusion
This work demonstrates that major genome alterations of a pathogen can be induced by its host species. This is an undocumented type of plant-microbe interaction, and its contribution to pathogen evolution is yet to be investigated, but one of the potential collateral effects of
nwt
phenotypes may be host survival.
Publisher
BioMed Central,BioMed Central Ltd
