Journal Article

Exploring pathway interactions to detect molecular mechanisms of disease: 22q11.2 deletion syndrome

Evelo, Chris T, van Amelsvoort, Therese, Mina, Eleni, Kutmon, Martina, Ehrhart, Friederike, Shin, Woosub

2023

Overview

Background 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome (22q11DS) is a genetic disorder characterized by the deletion of adjacent genes at a location specified as q11.2 of chromosome 22, resulting in an array of clinical phenotypes including autistic spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, congenital heart defects, and immune deficiency. Many characteristics of the disorder are known, such as the phenotypic variability of the disease and the biological processes associated with it; however, the exact and systemic molecular mechanisms between the deleted area and its resulting clinical phenotypic expression, for example that of neuropsychiatric diseases, are not yet fully understood. Results Using previously published transcriptomics data (GEO:GSE59216), we constructed two datasets: one set compares 22q11DS patients experiencing neuropsychiatric diseases versus healthy controls, and the other set 22q11DS patients without neuropsychiatric diseases versus healthy controls. We modified and applied the pathway interaction method, originally proposed by Kelder et al. (2011), on a network created using the WikiPathways pathway repository and the STRING protein-protein interaction database. We identified genes and biological processes that were exclusively associated with the development of neuropsychiatric diseases among the 22q11DS patients. Compared with the 22q11DS patients without neuropsychiatric diseases, patients experiencing neuropsychiatric diseases showed significant overrepresentation of regulated genes involving the natural killer cell function and the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway, with affected genes being closely associated with downregulation of CRK like proto-oncogene adaptor protein. Both the pathway interaction and the pathway overrepresentation analysis observed the disruption of the same biological processes, even though the exact lists of genes collected by the two methods were different. Conclusions Using the pathway interaction method, we were able to detect a molecular network that could possibly explain the development of neuropsychiatric diseases among the 22q11DS patients. This way, our method was able to complement the pathway overrepresentation analysis, by filling the knowledge gaps on how the affected pathways are linked to the original deletion on chromosome 22. We expect our pathway interaction method could be used for problems with similar contexts, where complex genetic mechanisms need to be identified to explain the resulting phenotypic plasticity.

• Publisher: BioMed Central,BioMed Central Ltd,Springer Nature B.V,BMC
• Subject: 1-Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase / 22q11.2 deletion syndrome / Adaptor proteins / AKT protein / Analysis / Autism / Care and treatment / Chromosome 22 / Chromosome deletion / Congenital diseases / Congenital heart disease / Copy number variation syndromes / Datasets / Diagnosis / DiGeorge syndrome / DiGeorge Syndrome - genetics / Disease / DNA methylation / Gene Expression Profiling / Genes / Genetic aspects / Genetic disorders / Genetic variability / Heart Defects, Congenital / Human Genetics / Humans / Immunodeficiency / Killer cells / Medical research / Medicine / Medicine & Public Health / Mental disorders / Molecular mechanics / Molecular modelling / Natural killer cells / Network analysis / Pathway analysis / Pharmacology/Toxicology / Phenotype / Phenotypes / Phenotypic plasticity / Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Protein interaction / Protein-protein interactions / Proteins / Psychosis / Rare diseases / Rare systemic diseases / Schizophrenia / Signal transduction / String protein / Transcription factors / Transcriptomics