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Fluid dynamic simulations at the interface of the blue-green sharpshooter functional foregut and grapevine xylem sap with implications for transmission of Xylella fastidiosa
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Fluid dynamic simulations at the interface of the blue-green sharpshooter functional foregut and grapevine xylem sap with implications for transmission of Xylella fastidiosa
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Journal Article
Fluid dynamic simulations at the interface of the blue-green sharpshooter functional foregut and grapevine xylem sap with implications for transmission of Xylella fastidiosa
2022
Overview
Xylella fastidiosa
is a multi-continental, lethal, plant pathogenic bacterium that is transmitted by sharpshooter leafhoppers (Insecta: Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Cicadellinae) and adult spittlebugs (Hemiptera: Aphrophoridae). The bacterium forms biofilms in plant xylem and the functional foregut of the insect. These biofilms serve as sources of inoculum for insect acquisition and subsequent inoculation to a healthy plant. In this study, 3D fluid dynamic simulations were performed for bidirectional cibarial propulsion of xylem sap through tube-like grapevine xylem and an anatomically accurate model of the functional foregut of the blue-green sharpshooter,
Graphocephala atropunctata
. The analysis supports a model of how fluid dynamics influence
X
.
fastidiosa
transmission. The model supports the hypothesis that
X
.
fastidiosa
inoculation is mostly driven by detachment of bacteria from the foregut due to high-velocity flow during egestion (outward fluid flow from the stylets). Acquisition occurs by fluid dynamics during both egestion and ingestion (fluid uptake through the stylets and swallowing). These simulation results are supported by previously reported
X
.
fastidiosa
colonization patterns in the functional foregut and sharpshooter stylet probing behaviors. The model indicates that xylem vessel diameter influences drag forces imposed on xylem wall-adherent bacteria; thus, vessel diameter may be an important component of the complex transmission process. Results from this study are directly applicable to development of novel grapevine resistance traits via electropenetrographic monitoring of vector acquisition and inoculation behaviors.
Publisher
Public Library of Science,Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Subject
/ Animals
/ Bacteria
/ Behavior
/ Biofilms
/ Drag
/ Foregut
/ Inoculum
/ Insect Vectors - microbiology
/ Insects
/ Medicine and Health Sciences
/ Plant Diseases - microbiology
/ Vessels
/ Xylella
/ Xylem
