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Y-chromosome evolution: emerging insights into processes of Y-chromosome degeneration
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Journal Article
Y-chromosome evolution: emerging insights into processes of Y-chromosome degeneration
2013
Overview
Key Points
Recently developed genomic technologies have shed light on the genomic composition of the ancient Y chromosomes of some primates and
Drosophila melanogaster
and have shown that Y chromosomes in these species largely conform to the previously held view of being degenerate.
The presence of evolutionary strata confirmed by genome sequencing of the sex chromosomes supports that Y-chromosome degeneration occurred through successive arrest of recombination over time. In addition, the enrichment of Y chromosomes for genes of male-beneficial functions suggests that sexually antagonistic mutations may have a role in Y-chromosome evolution.
Genome sequencing of young Y chromosomes in plants and neo-Y chromosomes in
Drosophila
spp. have provided insight into the molecular processes that trigger initiation of Y-chromosome degeneration. Empirical evidence suggests that gene silencing occurs before pseudogenization.
Empirical observations in
Drosophila
neo-sex chromosomes, primate Y chromosomes and theoretical models and computer simulations show that degeneration is not a linear process, and so Y chromosomes in these species will probably not completely degenerate in the future.
The Y chromosomes of many species, including humans, are gene-poor and degenerate. The recent application of genome-wide technologies to evolutionarily old and young Y chromosomes has provided insight into the processes that have shaped them and their future.
The human Y chromosome is intriguing not only because it harbours the master-switch gene that determines gender but also because of its unusual evolutionary history. The Y chromosome evolved from an autosome, and its evolution has been characterized by massive gene decay. Recent whole-genome and transcriptome analyses of Y chromosomes in humans and other primates, in
Drosophila
species and in plants have shed light on the current gene content of the Y chromosome, its origins and its long-term fate. Furthermore, comparative analysis of young and old Y chromosomes has given further insights into the evolutionary and molecular forces triggering Y-chromosome degeneration and into the evolutionary destiny of the Y chromosome.
Publisher
Nature Publishing Group UK,Nature Publishing Group
Subject
